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JSTOR (July 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Part of a series on Slavery IJzeren voetring voor gevangenen transparent background.png Contemporary * Child labour * Child soldiers * Conscription * Debt * Forced marriage + Bride buying + Child marriage + Wife selling * Forced prostitution * Human trafficking * Peonage * Penal labour * Contemporary Africa * 21st-century jihadism * Sexual slavery * Wage slavery Historical Antiquity * Ancient Egypt * Babylonia * Ancient Greece * Ancient Rome + Contubernium + Ancillae Medieval Europe * Byzantine Empire * Kholop * Serfs + History + In Russia + Emancipation * Thrall Muslim world * Contract of manumission * Ottoman Empire * The Barbary Coast + slave trade + pirates + Turkish Abductions * Concubinage + history + Ma malakat aymanukum + Harem + Abbasid harem + Ottoman Imperial Harem + Jarya/Cariye + Odalisque + Qiyan + Umm walad * 21st century Atlantic slave trade * Bristol * Brazil * Database * Dutch * Middle Passage * Nantes * New France * Panyarring * Spanish Empire * Slave Coast * Thirteen colonies Topics and practice * Conscription + Ghilman + Mamluk + Devshirme * Blackbirding * Coolie * Corvee labor * Field slaves in the United States + Treatment * House slaves * Saqaliba * Slave market * Slave raiding * Child soldiers * White slavery Naval * Galley slave * Impressment * Pirates * Shanghaiing * Slave ship By country or region Sub-Saharan Africa * Contemporary Africa * Trans-Saharan slave trade * Indian Ocean slave trade * Angola * Chad * Ethiopia * Mali * Mauritania * Niger * Somalia * South Africa * Sudan * Seychelles North and South America * Americas indigenous + U.S. Natives + Aztec * Brazil + Lei Aurea * Canada * Caribbean + Barbados + Code Noir * Cuba * Haiti + revolt + Restavek * Latin America * (Encomienda) * Puerto Rico * Trinidad * United States + Field slaves + female + maps + partus + prison labor + Slave codes + Treatment + interregional + Human trafficking * Virgin Islands East, Southeast, and South Asia * Human trafficking in Southeast Asia * Bhutan * China + Booi Aha + Laogai + penal system * India + Debt bondage + Chukri System * Japan + comfort women * Korea + Kwalliso + Yankee princess * Vietnam Australia and Oceania * Blackbirding * Human trafficking in Australia * Slave raiding in Easter Island * Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea * Blackbirding in Polynesia Europe and North Asia * Sex trafficking in Europe * Britain * Denmark * Dutch Republic * Germany in World War II * Malta * Norway * Poland * Portugal * Romania * Russia * Spain * Sweden North Africa and West Asia * Afghanistan * Egypt * Iran * Libya * Human trafficking in the Middle East * Yemen Religion * Bible * Christianity + Catholicism + Mormonism * Islam * Judaism * Baha'i Faith Opposition and resistance * 1926 Slavery Convention * Abolitionism + U.K. + U.S. + Abolitionists * Anti-Slavery International * Blockade of Africa + U.K. + U.S. * Colonization + Liberia + Sierra Leone * Compensated emancipation * Freedman + manumission * Freedom suit * Slave Power * Underground Railroad + songs * Slave rebellion * Slave Trade Acts * International law * Third Servile War * 13th Amendment to the United States Constitution * Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom * Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf [fa] Related * Common law * Indentured servitude * Unfree labour * Fugitive slaves + laws + Great Dismal Swamp maroons * List of slaves + owners + last surviving American enslaved people * Marriage of enslaved people (United States) * Slave narrative + films + songs * Slave name * Slave catcher * Slave patrol * Slave Route Project + breeding + court cases + Washington + Jefferson + Adams + Lincoln + 40 acres + Freedmen's Bureau + Iron bit * Emancipation Day * v * t * e Child slavery is the slavery of children. The enslavement of children can be traced back through history. Even after the abolition of slavery, children continue to be enslaved and trafficked in modern times, which is a particular problem in developing countries. [ ] Contents * 1 History * 2 Modern day + 2.1 Trafficking + 2.2 Child soldiers + 2.3 Forced labor * 3 See also * 4 Notes * 5 External links History[edit] Child slavery refers to the slavery of children below the age of majority. Many children have been sold into slavery in the past for their family to repay debts or crimes or earn some money if the family were short of cash. A scholar retold a story about a mother where "her predicament shattered the privilege of thinking of her children in purely personal and sentimental terms and caused her to consider whether outsiders might find value in them". Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote about a woman a slave owner bought to breed children to sell.^[1] The expectations of children who were either bought or born into slavery varied. Scholars noted, "age and physical capacity, as well as the degree of dependence, set the terms of children's integration into households".^[2] The duties that child slaves were responsible for performing are disputed amongst scholars. A few representations of the lives that slave children led portrayed them as, "virtually divorced from the plantation economy until they were old enough to be employed as field hands, thereby emphasizing the carefree nature of childhood for a part of the slave population that was temporarily spared forced labor".^[3] This view also stated that if children were asked to perform any duties at all, it was to perform light household chores, such as being "organized into 'trash gangs' and made to collect refuse about the estate".^[3] Opposing scholars argued that slave children had their youth stolen from them, and were forced to start performing adult duties at a very young age.^[3] Some say that children were forced to perform field labor duties as young as the age of six.^[3] It is argued that in some areas children were put to "regular work in the antebellum South" and it "was a time when slaves began to learn work routines, but also work discipline and related punishment".^[4] A degree of self-possession was present in some degree to adults, but "children retained the legal incapacities of dependence even after they had become productive members of households".^[2] It was reported by scholars that, "this distinctive status shaped children's standing within familial households and left them subject to forced apprenticeship, even after emancipation".^[2] There were slave owners who did not want child slaves or women who were pregnant for fear that the child would have "took up too much of her time".^[1] The conditions of slavery for pregnant women varied regionally. In most cases, women worked in the fields up until childbirth performing small tasks. "four weeks appears to have been the average confinement period, or 'lying-in period', for antebellum slave women following delivery in the South as a whole".^[4] Slaveholders in northern Virginia, however, usually only permitted an average lying-in period of about "two weeks before ordering new mothers back to work".^[3] The responsibility of raising and tending to the children then became the task of other children and older elderly slaves. In most institutions of slavery throughout the world, the children of slaves became the property of the owner. This created a constant supply of people to perform labor. This was the case with, for example, thralls and American slaves. In other cases, children were enslaved as if they were adults. Usually, the mother's status determined if the child was a slave, but some local laws varied the decision to the father. In many cultures, slaves could earn their freedom through hard work and buying their own freedom.^[citation needed] Modern day[edit] Although the abolition of slavery in much of the world has greatly reduced child slavery, the problem lives on, especially in developing countries. According to the Anti-Slavery Society, "Although there is no longer any state which legally recognizes, or which will enforce, a claim by a person to a right of property over another, the abolition of slavery does not mean that it ceased to exist. There are millions of people throughout the world--mainly children--in conditions of virtual to slavery."^[5] It further notes that slavery, particularly child slavery, was on the rise in 2003. It points out that there are countless others in other forms of servitude (such as peonage, bonded labor and servile concubinage) which are not slavery in the narrow legal sense. Critics claim they are stretching the definition and practice of slavery beyond its original meaning and are actually referring to forms of unfree labour other than slavery.^[6]^[7] In 1990, reports of slavery came out of Bahr al Ghazal, a Dinka region in southern Sudan. In 1995, Dinka mothers spoke about their abducted children. Roughly 20,000 slaves were reported in Sudan in 1999.^[8] "The handmade woolen carpet industry is extremely labor-intensive and one of the largest export earners for India, Pakistan, Nepal and Morocco." During the past 20 years,^[timeframe?] about 200,000 and 300,000 children are involved, most of them in the carpet belt of Uttar Pradesh in central India.^[9] Many children in Asia are kidnapped or trapped in servitude, where they work in factories and workshops for no pay and receive constant beatings.^[5] Slaves have reappeared following the old slave trade routes in West Africa. "The children are kidnapped or purchased for $20-$70 each in poorer states, such as Benin and Togo, and sold into slavery in sex dens or as unpaid domestic servants for $350.00 each in wealthier oil-rich states, such as Nigeria and Gabon."^[5] Trafficking[edit] Main article: Trafficking of children Trafficking of children includes recruiting, harbouring, obtaining, and transporting children by use of force or fraud for the purpose of subjecting them to involuntary acts, such as commercial sexual exploitation (including prostitution) or involuntary labour, i.e., enslavement. Some see human trafficking as the modern form of slavery. Human trafficking is the trade of human beings and their use by criminals to make money. The majority of trafficking victims are adults, predominantly made up of women forced into prostitution, but children make up many victims forced into prostitution.^[clarification needed] In Ukraine, a survey conducted by the non-governmental organization (NGO) La Strada-Ukraine^[10] in 2001-2003, based on a sample of 106 women being trafficked out of Ukraine found that 3% were under 18, and the US State Department reported in 2004 that incidents of minors being trafficked was increasing. In Thailand, NGOs have estimated that up to a third of prostitutes are children under 18, many trafficked from outside Thailand.^[11] The United Nations Special Rapporteur on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography estimates that about one million children in Asia alone are victims of the sex trade.^[12] Following the 2010 Haiti earthquake, Save the Children, World Vision and the British Red Cross have called for an immediate halt to adoptions of Haitian children not approved before the earthquake, warning that child traffickers could exploit the lack of regulation. An Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights spokesman said that child enslavement and trafficking was "an existing problem and could easily emerge as a serious issue over the coming weeks and months".^[13] Child soldiers[edit] Main article: Military use of children The United Nations defines child soldiers as "A child associated with an armed force or armed group refers to any person below 18 years of age who is, or who has been, recruited or used by an armed force or armed group in any capacity, including but not limited to children, boys and girls, used as fighters, cooks, porters, spies or for sexual purposes."^[14] In 2007, Human Rights Watch estimated that 200,000 to 300,000 children served as soldiers in current conflicts.^[15] In 2012, this estimation rose to be around 300,000 in only twenty countries.^[16] Around 40% of child soldiers are believed to be girls, that have been taken and used as sex slaves and 'wives'.^[17] Forced labor[edit] More girls under 16 work as domestic workers than any other category of child labor, often sent to cities by parents living in rural poverty^[18] such as in restaveks in Haiti. See also[edit] * Andrew Forrest * Children's Care International or Aide Internationale Pour l'Enfance (AIPE-CCI) * Contemporary slavery * Military use of children * Walk Free Foundation Notes[edit] 1. ^ ^a ^b Stephenson, Mimosa (November 2011). "Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin: An Argument for Protection of the Family". Journal of the American Studies Association of Texas: 40. 2. ^ ^a ^b ^c Jones, Catherine (February 2010). "Ties That Bind, Bonds That Break: Children in the Reorganization of Households in Postemancipation Virginia". Journal of Southern History: 74. 3. ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Pargas, Damian (December 2011). "From the Cradle to the Fields: Slave Childcare and Childhood in the Antebellum South". Slavery & Abolition. 32 (4): 477-493. doi:10.1080/0144039X.2011.601618. S2CID 143877395. 4. ^ ^a ^b Pargas, Damian Alan (December 2011). "From the Cradle to the Fields: Slave Childcare and Childhood in the Antebellum Plantation South". Slavery & Abolition. doi:10.1080/0144039X.2011.601618. S2CID 143877395. 5. ^ ^a ^b ^c "Does Slavery Still Exist?". Anti-Slavery Society. Archived from the original on 2018-08-08. Retrieved 2008-01-04. 6. ^ Pat Dolan, Nick Frost (2017). The Routledge Handbook of Global Child Welfare. Taylor & Francis. p. 170. ISBN 9781317374749. 7. ^ Beyond Voluntarism: Human Rights and the Developing International Legal Obligations of Companies. ICHRP. 2002. p. 32. ISBN 9782940259199. 8. ^ Miniter, Richard (July 1999). "The False Promise of Slave Redemption". The Atlantic. 9. ^ "Child Labor in the Carpet Industry". Anti-Slavery Society. 3 April 2007. Archived from the original on 5 October 2018. Retrieved 21 November 2011. 10. ^ "La Strada Ukraine". www.brama.com. Archived from the original on 2010-09-04. Retrieved 2010-05-25. 11. ^ "United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute". Archived from the original on 2005-10-24. 12. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2007-11-13. Retrieved 2010-05-25.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) 13. ^ Call for halt to Haiti adoptions over traffickers, The Times, January 23, 2010. 14. ^ Tremblay, Stephanie. "Child Recruitment and Use". United Nations Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict | To promote and protect the rights of all children affected by armed conflict. Retrieved 2020-04-02. 15. ^ Staff. Campaign Page: Child Soldiers, Human Rights Watch.^[verification needed] 16. ^ "Ten facts about child soldiers that everyone should know". The Independent. 2012-12-23. Retrieved 2020-04-02. 17. ^ Theirworld (2020-04-03). "Child soldiers". Theirworld. Retrieved 2020-04-02. 18. ^ "In Togo, a 10-Year-Old's Muted Cry: 'I Couldn't Take Any More'". Washington Post. Retrieved 27 May 2018. External links[edit] * Anti-Slavery Society * BBC - Help for Gulf child camel jockeys * NY Times - Robot Jockeys * BBC - Child camel jockeys find hope * Ansar Burney Trust - brought world attention to the plight of child camel jockeys and rescued hundreds of children from camel farms; operates shelter homes for trafficked victims; persuaded governments of Qatar and UAE to ban use of children as camel jockeys in 2005. * Sport of Sheikhs - Emmy and duPont award-winning documentary on camel jockeys in the Middle East * Every Child Ministries--child slaves * Trafficking in Minors - United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute * ECPAT international * 'Tracking Africa's child trafficking - BBC * 'Child traffic victims 'failed'- BBC * Fears of rising child sex trade - The Guardian Authority control: National libraries Edit this at Wikidata * United States Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Child_slavery&oldid=1088482 613" Categories: * Child abuse * Slavery * Child labour Hidden categories: * CS1 maint: archived copy as title * All pages needing factual verification * Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from April 2009 * Wikipedia introduction cleanup from December 2012 * All pages needing cleanup * Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from December 2012 * All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify * Wikipedia articles needing rewrite from March 2010 * All articles needing rewrite * Articles needing additional references from July 2008 * All articles needing additional references * Articles with multiple maintenance issues * All articles with unsourced statements * Articles with unsourced statements from October 2018 * All articles with vague or ambiguous time * Vague or ambiguous time from December 2016 * Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2021 * Articles with LCCN identifiers * Human rights articles needing expert attention Navigation menu Personal tools * Not logged in * Talk * Contributions * Create account * Log in Namespaces * Article * Talk [ ] English Views * Read * Edit * View history [ ] More Search ____________________ Search Go Navigation * Main page * Contents * Current events * Random article * About Wikipedia * Contact us * Donate Contribute * Help * Learn to edit * Community portal * Recent changes * Upload file Tools * What links here * Related changes * Upload file * Special pages * Permanent link * Page information * Cite this page * Wikidata item Print/export * Download as PDF * Printable version Languages * Afrikaans * a+l+e+r+b+y+tm * f+a+r+s+ * Tie>'ng Vie>-.t Edit links * This page was last edited on 18 May 2022, at 07:58 (UTC). * Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0; additional terms may apply. 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