#alternate Edit this page Wikipedia (en)

Plasma display

   From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
   Jump to navigation Jump to search
   Type of flat panel display

   A plasma display panel (PDP) is a type of flat panel display that uses
   small cells containing plasma: ionized gas that responds to electric
   fields. Plasma televisions were the first large (over 32 inches
   diagonal) flat panel displays to be released to the public.
   Panasonic plasma TV of the last generation. 55 inch. Middle class ST60
   series. (2013)

   Until about 2007, plasma displays were commonly used in large
   televisions (30 inches (76 cm) and larger). By 2013, they had lost
   nearly all market share due to competition from low-cost LCDs and more
   expensive but high-contrast OLED flat-panel displays. Manufacturing of
   plasma displays for the United States retail market ended in
   2014,^[1]^[2] and manufacturing for the Chinese market ended in
   2016.^[3]^[4] Plasma displays are obsolete, having been superseded in
   most if not all aspects by OLED displays.^[5]
   [ ]

Contents

     * 1 General characteristics
     * 2 Plasma display advantages and disadvantages
          + 2.1 Advantages
          + 2.2 Disadvantages
     * 3 Native plasma television resolutions
          + 3.1 Enhanced-definition plasma television
               o 3.1.1 ED resolutions
          + 3.2 High-definition plasma television
     * 4 Design
     * 5 Contrast ratio
     * 6 Screen burn-in
     * 7 Environmental impact
     * 8 History
          + 8.1 Early development
          + 8.2 1980s
          + 8.3 1990s
          + 8.4 2000s
          + 8.5 2010s
     * 9 Notable display manufacturers
     * 10 See also
     * 11 References
     * 12 External links

General characteristics[edit]

   Plasma displays are bright (1,000 lux or higher for the display
   module), have a wide color gamut, and can be produced in fairly large
   sizes--up to 3.8 metres (150 in) diagonally. They had a very low
   luminance "dark-room" black level compared with the lighter grey of the
   unilluminated parts of an LCD screen. (As plasma panels are locally lit
   and do not require a back light, blacks are blacker on plasma and
   grayer on LCD's.)^[6] LED-backlit LCD televisions have been developed
   to reduce this distinction. The display panel itself is about 6 cm
   (2.4 in) thick, generally allowing the device's total thickness
   (including electronics) to be less than 10 cm (3.9 in). Power
   consumption varies greatly with picture content, with bright scenes
   drawing significantly more power than darker ones - this is also true
   for CRTs as well as modern LCDs where LED backlight brightness is
   adjusted dynamically. The plasma that illuminates the screen can reach
   a temperature of at least 1200 DEGC (2200 DEGF). Typical power
   consumption is 400 watts for a 127 cm (50 in) screen. Most screens are
   set to "vivid" mode by default in the factory (which maximizes the
   brightness and raises the contrast so the image on the screen looks
   good under the extremely bright lights that are common in big box
   stores), which draws at least twice the power (around 500-700 watts) of
   a "home" setting of less extreme brightness.^[7] The lifetime of the
   latest generation of plasma displays is estimated at 100,000 hours (11
   years) of actual display time, or 27 years at 10 hours per day. This is
   the estimated time over which maximum picture brightness degrades to
   half the original value.^[8]

   Plasma screens are made out of glass, which may result in glare on the
   screen from nearby light sources. Plasma display panels cannot be
   economically manufactured in screen sizes smaller than 82 centimetres
   (32 in).^[9]^[10] Although a few companies have been able to make
   plasma enhanced-definition televisions (EDTV) this small, even fewer
   have made 32 inch plasma HDTVs. With the trend toward large-screen
   television technology, the 32 inch screen size is rapidly disappearing.
   Though considered bulky and thick compared with their LCD counterparts,
   some sets such as Panasonic's Z1 and Samsung's B860 series are as slim
   as 2.5 cm (1 in) thick making them comparable to LCDs in this respect.

   Competing display technologies include cathode-ray tube (CRT), organic
   light-emitting diode (OLED), CRT projectors, AMLCD, Digital Light
   Processing DLP, SED-tv, LED display, field emission display (FED), and
   quantum dot display (QLED).

Plasma display advantages and disadvantages[edit]

   Further information: Comparison of CRT, LCD, Plasma, and OLED

Advantages[edit]

     * Capable of producing deeper blacks than LCD allowing for a superior
       contrast ratio.^[11]^[12]^[13]
     * As they use the same or similar phosphors as are used in CRT
       displays, plasma's color reproduction is very similar to that of
       CRTs.
     * Wider viewing angles than those of LCD; images do not suffer from
       degradation at less than straight ahead angles like LCDs. LCDs
       using IPS technology have the widest angles, but they do not equal
       the range of plasma primarily due to "IPS glow", a generally
       whitish haze that appears due to the nature of the IPS pixel
       design.^[11]^[12]
     * Less visible motion blur, thanks in large part to very high refresh
       rates and a faster response time, contributing to superior
       performance when displaying content with significant amounts of
       rapid motion such as auto racing, hockey, baseball,
       etc.^[11]^[12]^[14]^[15]
     * Superior uniformity. LCD panel backlights nearly always produce
       uneven brightness levels, although this is not always noticeable.
       High-end computer monitors have technologies to try to compensate
       for the uniformity problem.^[16]^[17]
     * Unaffected by clouding from the polishing process. Some LCD panel
       types, like IPS, require a polishing process that can introduce a
       haze usually referred to as "clouding".^[18]
     * In their heyday, they were less expensive for the buyer per square
       inch than LCD, particularly when considering equivalent
       performance.^[19]

Disadvantages[edit]

     * Earlier generation displays were more susceptible to screen burn-in
       and image retention. Recent models have a pixel orbiter that moves
       the entire picture slower than is noticeable to the human eye,
       which reduces the effect of burn-in but does not prevent it.^[20]
     * Due to the bistable nature of the color and intensity generating
       method, some people will notice that plasma displays have a
       shimmering or flickering effect with a number of hues, intensities
       and dither patterns.
     * Earlier generation displays (circa 2006 and prior) had phosphors
       that lost luminosity over time, resulting in gradual decline of
       absolute image brightness. Newer models have advertised lifespans
       exceeding 100,000 hours (11 years), far longer than older
       CRTs.^[8]^[13]
     * Uses more electrical power, on average, than an LCD TV using a LED
       backlight. Older CCFL backlights for LCD panels used quite a bit
       more power, and older plasma TVs used quite a bit more power than
       recent models.^[21]^[22]
     * Does not work as well at high altitudes above 6,500 feet (2,000
       meters)^[23] due to pressure differential between the gases inside
       the screen and the air pressure at altitude. It may cause a buzzing
       noise. Manufacturers rate their screens to indicate the altitude
       parameters.^[23]
     * For those who wish to listen to AM radio, or are amateur radio
       operators (hams) or shortwave listeners (SWL), the radio frequency
       interference (RFI) from these devices can be irritating or
       disabling.^[24]
     * Plasma displays are generally heavier than LCD and may require more
       careful handling, such as being kept upright.
     * More susceptible to glare.

Native plasma television resolutions[edit]

   Further information: Native resolution

   Fixed-pixel displays such as plasma TVs scale the video image of each
   incoming signal to the native resolution of the display panel. The most
   common native resolutions for plasma display panels are 852 *480
   (EDTV), 1,366 *768 and 1920 *1080 (HDTV). As a result, picture quality
   varies depending on the performance of the video scaling processor and
   the upscaling and downscaling algorithms used by each display
   manufacturer.^[25]^[26]

Enhanced-definition plasma television[edit]

   Main article: Enhanced-definition television

   Early plasma televisions were enhanced-definition (ED) with a native
   resolution of 840 *480 (discontinued) or 852 *480 and down-scaled their
   incoming high-definition video signals to match their native display
   resolutions.^[27]

ED resolutions[edit]

   The following ED resolutions were common prior to the introduction of
   HD displays, but have long been phased out in favor of HD displays, as
   well as because the overall pixel count in ED displays is lower than
   the pixel count on SD PAL displays (852 *480 vs 720 *576,
   respectively).
     * 840 *480p
     * 852 *480p

High-definition plasma television[edit]

   Early high-definition (HD) plasma displays had a resolution of
   1024x1024 and were alternate lighting of surfaces (ALiS) panels made by
   Fujitsu and Hitachi.^[28]^[29] These were interlaced displays, with
   non-square pixels.^[30]

   Later HDTV plasma televisions usually have a resolution of 1,024 *768
   found on many 42 inch plasma screens, 1280 *768 and 1,366 *768 found on
   50 in, 60 in, and 65 in plasma screens, or 1920 *1080 found on plasma
   screen sizes from 42 inch to 103 inch. These displays are usually
   progressive displays, with non-square pixels, and will up-scale and
   de-interlace their incoming standard-definition signals to match their
   native display resolutions. 1024 *768 resolution requires that 720p
   content be downscaled in one direction and upscaled in the
   other.^[31]^[32]

Design[edit]

   See also: Plasma (physics)
   Ionized gases such as the ones shown here are confined to millions of
   tiny individual compartments across the face of a plasma display, to
   collectively form a visual image.
   Composition of plasma display panel

   A panel of a plasma display typically comprises millions of tiny
   compartments in between two panels of glass. These compartments, or
   "bulbs" or "cells", hold a mixture of noble gases and a minuscule
   amount of another gas (e.g., mercury vapor). Just as in the fluorescent
   lamps over an office desk, when a high voltage is applied across the
   cell, the gas in the cells forms a plasma. With flow of electricity
   (electrons), some of the electrons strike mercury particles as the
   electrons move through the plasma, momentarily increasing the energy
   level of the atom until the excess energy is shed. Mercury sheds the
   energy as ultraviolet (UV) photons. The UV photons then strike phosphor
   that is painted on the inside of the cell. When the UV photon strikes a
   phosphor molecule, it momentarily raises the energy level of an outer
   orbit electron in the phosphor molecule, moving the electron from a
   stable to an unstable state; the electron then sheds the excess energy
   as a photon at a lower energy level than UV light; the lower energy
   photons are mostly in the infrared range but about 40% are in the
   visible light range. Thus the input energy is converted to mostly
   infrared but also as visible light. The screen heats up to between 30
   and 41 DEGC (86 and 106 DEGF) during operation. Depending on the
   phosphors used, different colors of visible light can be achieved. Each
   pixel in a plasma display is made up of three cells comprising the
   primary colors of visible light. Varying the voltage of the signals to
   the cells thus allows different perceived colors.

   The long electrodes are stripes of electrically conducting material
   that also lies between the glass plates in front of and behind the
   cells. The "address electrodes" sit behind the cells, along the rear
   glass plate, and can be opaque. The transparent display electrodes are
   mounted in front of the cell, along the front glass plate. As can be
   seen in the illustration, the electrodes are covered by an insulating
   protective layer.^[33] A magnesium oxide layer may be present to
   protect the dielectric layer and to emit secondary electrons.^[34]^[35]

   Control circuitry charges the electrodes that cross paths at a cell,
   creating a voltage difference between front and back. Some of the atoms
   in the gas of a cell then lose electrons and become ionized, which
   creates an electrically conducting plasma of atoms, free electrons, and
   ions. The collisions of the flowing electrons in the plasma with the
   inert gas atoms leads to light emission; such light-emitting plasmas
   are known as glow discharges.^[36]^[37]^[38]
   Relative spectral power of red, green and blue phosphors of a common
   plasma display. The units of spectral power are simply raw sensor
   values (with a linear response at specific wavelengths).

   In a monochrome plasma panel, the gas is mostly neon, and the color is
   the characteristic orange of a neon-filled lamp (or sign). Once a glow
   discharge has been initiated in a cell, it can be maintained by
   applying a low-level voltage between all the horizontal and vertical
   electrodes-even after the ionizing voltage is removed. To erase a cell
   all voltage is removed from a pair of electrodes. This type of panel
   has inherent memory. A small amount of nitrogen is added to the neon to
   increase hysteresis.^[citation needed] In color panels, the back of
   each cell is coated with a phosphor. The ultraviolet photons emitted by
   the plasma excite these phosphors, which give off visible light with
   colors determined by the phosphor materials. This aspect is comparable
   to fluorescent lamps and to the neon signs that use colored phosphors.

   Every pixel is made up of three separate subpixel cells, each with
   different colored phosphors. One subpixel has a red light phosphor, one
   subpixel has a green light phosphor and one subpixel has a blue light
   phosphor. These colors blend together to create the overall color of
   the pixel, the same as a triad of a shadow mask CRT or color LCD.
   Plasma panels use pulse-width modulation (PWM) to control brightness:
   by varying the pulses of current flowing through the different cells
   thousands of times per second, the control system can increase or
   decrease the intensity of each subpixel color to create billions of
   different combinations of red, green and blue. In this way, the control
   system can produce most of the visible colors. Plasma displays use the
   same phosphors as CRTs, which accounts for the extremely accurate color
   reproduction when viewing television or computer video images (which
   use an RGB color system designed for CRT displays).

   Plasma displays are different from liquid crystal displays (LCDs),
   another lightweight flat-screen display using very different
   technology. LCDs may use one or two large fluorescent lamps as a
   backlight source, but the different colors are controlled by LCD units,
   which in effect behave as gates that allow or block light through red,
   green, or blue filters on the front of the LCD panel.^[11]^[39]^[40]

   To produce light, the cells need to be driven at a relatively high
   voltage (~300 volts) and the pressure of the gases inside the cell
   needs to be low (~500 torr).^[41]

Contrast ratio[edit]

   Contrast ratio is the difference between the brightest and darkest
   parts of an image, measured in discrete steps, at any given moment.
   Generally, the higher the contrast ratio, the more realistic the image
   is (though the "realism" of an image depends on many factors including
   color accuracy, luminance linearity, and spatial linearity). Contrast
   ratios for plasma displays are often advertised as high as
   5,000,000:1.^[42] On the surface, this is a significant advantage of
   plasma over most other current display technologies, a notable
   exception being organic light-emitting diode. Although there are no
   industry-wide guidelines for reporting contrast ratio, most
   manufacturers follow either the ANSI standard or perform a
   full-on-full-off test. The ANSI standard uses a checkered test pattern
   whereby the darkest blacks and the lightest whites are simultaneously
   measured, yielding the most accurate "real-world" ratings. In contrast,
   a full-on-full-off test measures the ratio using a pure black screen
   and a pure white screen, which gives higher values but does not
   represent a typical viewing scenario. Some displays, using many
   different technologies, have some "leakage" of light, through either
   optical or electronic means, from lit pixels to adjacent pixels so that
   dark pixels that are near bright ones appear less dark than they do
   during a full-off display. Manufacturers can further artificially
   improve the reported contrast ratio by increasing the contrast and
   brightness settings to achieve the highest test values. However, a
   contrast ratio generated by this method is misleading, as content would
   be essentially unwatchable at such settings.^[43]^[44]^[45]

   Each cell on a plasma display must be precharged before it is lit,
   otherwise the cell would not respond quickly enough. Precharging
   normally increases power consumption, so energy recovery mechanisms may
   be in place to avoid an increase in power consumption.^[46]^[47]^[48]
   This precharging means the cells cannot achieve a true black,^[49]
   whereas an LED backlit LCD panel can actually turn off parts of the
   backlight, in "spots" or "patches" (this technique, however, does not
   prevent the large accumulated passive light of adjacent lamps, and the
   reflection media, from returning values from within the panel). Some
   manufacturers have reduced the precharge and the associated background
   glow, to the point where black levels on modern plasmas are starting to
   become close to some high-end CRTs Sony and Mitsubishi produced ten
   years before the comparable plasma displays. With an LCD, black pixels
   are generated by a light polarization method; many panels are unable to
   completely block the underlying backlight. More recent LCD panels using
   LED illumination can automatically reduce the backlighting on darker
   scenes, though this method cannot be used in high-contrast scenes,
   leaving some light showing from black parts of an image with bright
   parts, such as (at the extreme) a solid black screen with one fine
   intense bright line. This is called a "halo" effect which has been
   minimized on newer LED-backlit LCDs with local dimming. Edgelit models
   cannot compete with this as the light is reflected via a light guide to
   distribute the light behind the panel.^[11]^[12]^[13]

Screen burn-in[edit]

   Main article: Screen burn-in

   An example of a plasma display that has suffered severe burn-in from
   static text

   Image burn-in occurs on CRTs and plasma panels when the same picture is
   displayed for long periods. This causes the phosphors to overheat,
   losing some of their luminosity and producing a "shadow" image that is
   visible with the power off. Burn-in is especially a problem on plasma
   panels because they run hotter than CRTs. Early plasma televisions were
   plagued by burn-in, making it impossible to use video games or anything
   else that displayed static images.

   Plasma displays also exhibit another image retention issue which is
   sometimes confused with screen burn-in damage. In this mode, when a
   group of pixels are run at high brightness (when displaying white, for
   example) for an extended period, a charge build-up in the pixel
   structure occurs and a ghost image can be seen. However, unlike
   burn-in, this charge build-up is transient and self-corrects after the
   image condition that caused the effect has been removed and a long
   enough period has passed (with the display either off or on).

   Plasma manufacturers have tried various ways of reducing burn-in such
   as using gray pillarboxes, pixel orbiters and image washing routines,
   but none to date have eliminated the problem and all plasma
   manufacturers continue to exclude burn-in from their
   warranties.^[13]^[50]

Environmental impact[edit]

   See also: Discontinuation in 2010s

   Plasma screens use significantly more energy than CRT and LCD
   screens.^[51]

History[edit]

  Early development[edit]

   Plasma displays were first used in PLATO computer terminals. This PLATO
   V model illustrates the display's monochromatic orange glow seen in
   1981.^[52]

   Kalman Tihanyi, a Hungarian engineer, described a proposed flat-panel
   plasma display system in a 1936 paper.^[53]

   The first practical plasma video display was co-invented in 1964 at the
   University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign by Donald Bitzer, H. Gene
   Slottow, and graduate student Robert Willson for the PLATO computer
   system.^[54]^[55] The original neon orange monochrome Digivue display
   panels built by glass producer Owens-Illinois were very popular in the
   early 1970s because they were rugged and needed neither memory nor
   circuitry to refresh the images.^[56] A long period of sales decline
   occurred in the late 1970s because semiconductor memory made CRT
   displays cheaper than the $2500 USD 512 * 512 PLATO plasma
   displays.^[57] Nonetheless, the plasma displays' relatively large
   screen size and 1 inch thickness made them suitable for high-profile
   placement in lobbies and stock exchanges.

   Burroughs Corporation, a maker of adding machines and computers,
   developed the Panaplex display in the early 1970s. The Panaplex
   display, generically referred to as a gas-discharge or gas-plasma
   display,^[58] uses the same technology as later plasma video displays,
   but began life as a seven-segment display for use in adding machines.
   They became popular for their bright orange luminous look and found
   nearly ubiquitous use throughout the late 1970s and into the 1990s in
   cash registers, calculators, pinball machines, aircraft avionics such
   as radios, navigational instruments, and stormscopes; test equipment
   such as frequency counters and multimeters; and generally anything that
   previously used nixie tube or numitron displays with a high
   digit-count. These displays were eventually replaced by LEDs because of
   their low current-draw and module-flexibility, but are still found in
   some applications where their high brightness is desired, such as
   pinball machines and avionics.

  1980s[edit]

   In 1983, IBM introduced a 19-inch (48 cm) orange-on-black monochrome
   display (Model 3290 Information Panel) which was able to show up to
   four simultaneous IBM 3270 terminal sessions. By the end of the decade,
   orange monochrome plasma displays were used in a number of high-end
   AC-powered portable computers, such as the Compaq Portable 386 (1987)
   and the IBM P75 (1990). Plasma displays had a better contrast ratio,
   viewability angle, and less motion blur than the LCDs that were
   available at the time, and were used until the introduction of
   active-matrix color LCD displays in 1992.^[59]

   Due to heavy competition from monochrome LCDs used in laptops and the
   high costs of plasma display technology, in 1987 IBM planned to shut
   down its factory in Kingston, New York, the largest plasma plant in the
   world, in favor of manufacturing mainframe computers, which would have
   left development to Japanese companies.^[60] Dr. Larry F. Weber, a
   University of Illinois ECE PhD (in plasma display research) and staff
   scientist working at CERL (home of the PLATO System), co-founded
   Plasmaco with Stephen Globus and IBM plant manager James Kehoe, and
   bought the plant from IBM for US$50,000. Weber stayed in Urbana as CTO
   until 1990, then moved to upstate New York to work at Plasmaco.

  1990s[edit]

   In 1992, Fujitsu introduced the world's first 21-inch (53 cm)
   full-color display. It was based on technology created at the
   University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and NHK Science & Technology
   Research Laboratories.

   In 1994, Weber demonstrated a color plasma display at an industry
   convention in San Jose. Panasonic Corporation began a joint development
   project with Plasmaco, which led in 1996 to the purchase of Plasmaco,
   its color AC technology, and its American factory for US$26 million.

   In 1995, Fujitsu introduced the first 42-inch (107 cm) plasma display
   panel;^[61]^[62] it had 852 *480 resolution and was progressively
   scanned.^[63] Two years later, Philips introduced the first large
   commercially available flat-panel TV, using the Fujitsu panels. It was
   available at four Sears locations in the US for $14,999, including
   in-home installation. Pioneer also began selling plasma televisions
   that year, and other manufacturers followed. By the year 2000 prices
   had dropped to $10,000.

  2000s[edit]

   In the year 2000, the first 60-inch plasma display was developed by
   Plasmaco. Panasonic was also reported to have developed a process to
   make plasma displays using ordinary window glass instead of the much
   more expensive "high strain point" glass.^[64] High strain point glass
   is made similarly to conventional float glass, but it is more heat
   resistant, deforming at higher temperatures. High strain point glass is
   normally necessary because plasma displays have to be baked during
   manufacture to dry the rare-earth phosphors after they are applied to
   the display. However, high strain point glass may be less scratch
   resistant.^[65]^[66]^[67]^[68]

   Plasma displays became 75% thinner between 2006 and 2011

   In late 2006, analysts noted that LCDs had overtaken plasmas,
   particularly in the 40-inch (100 cm) and above segment where plasma had
   previously gained market share.^[69] Another industry trend was the
   consolidation of plasma display manufacturers, with around 50 brands
   available but only five manufacturers. In the first quarter of 2008, a
   comparison of worldwide TV sales broke down to 22.1 million for
   direct-view CRT, 21.1 million for LCD, 2.8 million for plasma, and 0.1
   million for rear projection.^[70]

   Until the early 2000s, plasma displays were the most popular choice for
   HDTV flat panel display as they had many benefits over LCDs. Beyond
   plasma's deeper blacks, increased contrast, faster response time,
   greater color spectrum, and wider viewing angle; they were also much
   bigger than LCDs, and it was believed that LCDs were suited only to
   smaller sized televisions. However, improvements in VLSI fabrication
   narrowed the technological gap. The increased size, lower weight,
   falling prices, and often lower electrical power consumption of LCDs
   made them competitive with plasma television sets.

   Screen sizes have increased since the introduction of plasma displays.
   The largest plasma video display in the world at the 2008 Consumer
   Electronics Show in Las Vegas, Nevada, was a 150-inch (380 cm) unit
   manufactured by Matsushita Electric Industrial (Panasonic) standing
   6 ft (180 cm) tall by 11 ft (330 cm) wide.^[71]^[72]

  2010s[edit]

   At the 2010 Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas, Panasonic
   introduced their 152" 2160p 3D plasma. In 2010, Panasonic shipped 19.1
   million plasma TV panels.^[73]

   In 2010, the shipments of plasma TVs reached 18.2 million units
   globally.^[74] Since that time, shipments of plasma TVs have declined
   substantially. This decline has been attributed to the competition from
   liquid crystal (LCD) televisions, whose prices have fallen more rapidly
   than those of the plasma TVs.^[75] In late 2013, Panasonic announced
   that they would stop producing plasma TVs from March 2014 onwards.^[76]
   In 2014, LG and Samsung discontinued plasma TV production as
   well,^[77]^[78] effectively killing the technology, probably because of
   lowering demand.

Notable display manufacturers[edit]

   Most have discontinued doing so, but at one time or another all of
   these companies have produced products containing plasma displays:

     * Beko (known sometimes as Grundig)
     * Fujitsu (only produced panels^[79])
     * Funai
     * Gradiente
     * Chunghwa Picture Tubes (only produced panels ^[80])
     * Formosa plastics (only produced panels^[81])
     * Hitachi (produced panels^[82])
     * JVC
     * Lanix
     * LG (produced panels^[83])
     * Magnavox
     * Marantz
     * NEC (only produced panels^[79])
     * Orion
     * Panasonic Viera (produced panels^[1]^[2]^[84]^[85])
     * Philips
     * Pioneer (produced panels^[86])
     * ProScan
     * Protron
     * Samsung (produced panels^[87])
     * Sanyo
     * Sony BRAVIA (produced panels^[79])
     * Toshiba (produced panels^[88])
     * Vestel (both under Vestel name but also under various brands)

   Panasonic was the biggest plasma display manufacturer until 2013, when
   it decided to discontinue plasma production. In the following months,
   Samsung and LG also ceased production of plasma sets. Panasonic,
   Samsung and LG were the last plasma manufacturers for the U.S. retail
   market.

See also[edit]

     * Display examples
     * Large-screen television technology

References[edit]

    1. ^ ^a ^b Michael Hiltzik (July 7, 2014). "Farewell to the big-screen
       plasma TV". Los Angeles Times.
    2. ^ ^a ^b "Panasonic in talks to sell Hyogo plasma factory". January
       28, 2014 - via Japan Times Online.
    3. ^ O'Toole, David Goldman and James (30 October 2014). "The world is
       running out of plasma TVs". CNNMoney.
    4. ^ Archer, John. "OLED TV Thrashes Plasma TV In New Public Shoot
       Out". Forbes.
    5. ^ "4K OLED TV Lays Plasma Ghost to Rest; Panasonic Pips LG".
    6. ^ HDGuru.com - Choosing The HDTV That's Right For You
    7. ^ PlasmaTelevisions.org - How to Calibrate Your Plasma TV
    8. ^ ^a ^b PlasmaTVBuyingGuide.com - How Long Do Plasma TVs Last? Meow
    9. ^ "LG launches 'world's smallest' plasma TV".
   10. ^ "Review: Vizio VP322, the world's smallest plasma".
   11. ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e CNET Australia - Plasma vs. LCD: Which is right
       for you?
   12. ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "LED-LCD vs. Plasma".
   13. ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d HomeTheaterMag.com - Plasma Vs. LCD Archived
       2009-09-07 at the Wayback Machine
   14. ^ Google books - Principles of Multimedia By Ranjan Parekh, Ranjan
   15. ^ Google books - The electronics handbook By Jerry C. Whitaker
   16. ^ "A plasma lover's guide to LED LCD".
   17. ^ "Dell U3014 Review - TFT Central". www.tftcentral.co.uk.
   18. ^ "Samsung S27A850D review - FlatpanelsHD". www.flatpanelshd.com.
   19. ^ "Sound Advice: Plasma TV sets are better, cheaper". Star Tribune.
   20. ^ "Pixel Orbiter". Archived from the original on 2012-07-18.
       Retrieved 2010-10-25.
   21. ^ "LCD vs Plasma TVs". Which?. Retrieved 26 October 2011.
   22. ^ LED LCD vs. plasma vs. LCD, 2013
   23. ^ ^a ^b plasmatvbuyingguide.com - Plasma TVs at Altitude, 2012
   24. ^ "Plasma TV -- Mother of All RFI Producers". www.eham.net.
   25. ^ PlasmaTVBuyingGuide.com - Step 3: Is a 1080p Resolution Plasma TV
       Worth the Extra Money?
   26. ^ AfterDawn.com - Native Resolution
   27. ^ PlasmaTVBuyingGuide.com - EDTV Plasma vs. HDTV Plasma
   28. ^ CNET UK - ALiS (alternate lighting of surfaces) Archived
       2010-04-22 at the Wayback Machine
   29. ^ Google Books - Newnes Guide to Television and Video Technology By
       K. F. Ibrahim, Eugene Trundle
   30. ^ PlasmaTVBuyingGuide.com - 1024 x 1024 Resolution Plasma Display
       Monitors vs.853 x 480 Resolution Plasma Display Monitors
   31. ^ About.com - Are All Plasma Televisions HDTVs?
   32. ^ Practical Home Theater Guide - Plasma TV FAQs Archived 2016-12-20
       at the Wayback Machine
   33. ^ Weber, Larry F. (April 2006). "History of the plasma display
       panel". IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science. 34 (2): 268-278.
       Bibcode:2006ITPS...34..268W. doi:10.1109/TPS.2006.872440.
       S2CID 20290119. "All plasma TVs on the market today have the same
       features that were demonstrated in the first plasma display which
       was a device with only a single cell. These features include
       alternating sustain voltage, dielectric layer, wall charge, and a
       neon-based gas mixture." Paid access.
   34. ^ "Plasma display panel having an MGO crystal layer for improved
       discharge characteristics and method of manufacturing same".
   35. ^ "Plasma display panel comprising magnesium oxide protective
       layer".
   36. ^ Myers, Robert L. (2002). Display interfaces: fundamentals and
       standards. John Wiley and Sons. pp. 69-71. ISBN 978-0-471-49946-6.
       "Plasma displays are closely related to the simple neon lamp."
   37. ^ "How Plasma Displays Work". HowStuffWorks. 19 March 2002.
   38. ^ Yen, William M.; Shionoya, Shigeo; Yamamoto, Hajime (2007).
       Phosphor handbook. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-3564-8.
   39. ^ Afterdawn.com - Plasma display
   40. ^ Gizmodo - Giz Explains: Plasma TV Basics
   41. ^ "Aluminosilicate glass for flat display devices".
   42. ^ "Official Panasonic Store - Research and Buy Cameras, Headphones,
       Appliances, Shavers, Beauty products, and More". www.panasonic.net.
       Archived from the original on 2011-10-02. Retrieved 2010-02-25.
   43. ^ Google books - Digital Signage Broadcasting By Lars-Ingemar
       Lundstroem
   44. ^ Google books - Instrument Engineers' Handbook: Process control
       and optimization By Bela G. Liptak
   45. ^ Google books - Computers, Software Engineering, and Digital
       Devices By Richard C. Dorf
   46. ^ "Plasma display device".
   47. ^ "Gas panel with improved circuit for display operation".
   48. ^ "Control of a plasma display panel".
   49. ^ "Replacing the CRT III". 2 November 2008.
   50. ^ PlasmaTVBuyingGuide.com - Plasma TV Screen Burn-In: Is It Still a
       Problem?
   51. ^ "BBC NEWS - UK - Magazine - Do flat-screen TVs eat more energy?".
       news.bbc.co.uk. 7 December 2006.
   52. ^ Google books - Michael Allen's 2008 E-Learning Annual By Michael
       W. Allen
   53. ^ "Kalman Tihanyi's plasma television" (PDF). Archived from the
       original (PDF) on 2014-04-26. Retrieved 2014-04-25.
   54. ^ "Bitzer Wins Emmy Award for Plasma Screen Technology". Archived
       from the original on 2016-03-04.
   55. ^ "ECE Alumni wins award for inventing the flat-panel plasma
       display". Oct 23, 2002. Retrieved Jan 11, 2018.
   56. ^ Brian Dear, Chapter 6 - Gas and Glass, The Friendly Orange Glow,
       Pantheon Books, New York, 2017; pages 92-111 cover the development
       and first stages AC plasma panel commercialization.
   57. ^ Brian Dear, Chapter 22 - The Business Opportunity, The Friendly
       Orange Glow, Pantheon Books, New York, 2017; pages 413-417 cover
       CDC's decision to use CRTs with cheap video-RAM instead of plasma
       panels in 1975.
   58. ^ "What is gas-plasma display?". Webopedia. September 1996.
       Retrieved 2009-04-27.
   59. ^ "The chronicles of gas-plasma". Retropaq.com. 20 October 2020.
   60. ^ Ogg, E., "Getting a charge out of plasma TV", CNET News, June 18,
       2007, retrieved 2008-11-24.
   61. ^ Thurber, David (August 25, 1995). "Flat screen TVs coming soon to
       a wall near you". Eugene Register-Guard. (Oregon). Associated
       Press. p. 9C.
   62. ^ Weber, L. F., "History of the Plasma Display Panel," IEEE
       Transactions on Plasma Science, Vol. 34, No. 2, (April, 2006),
       pp.268-278.
   63. ^ Mendrala, Jim, "Flat Panel Plasma Display", North West Tech
       Notes, No. 4, June 15, 1997, retrieved 2009-01-29.
   64. ^ "Passion for Plasma Fuels Creation of First 60-Inch Flat-Screen
       TV". Wall Street Journal. 30 August 2000.
   65. ^ "Central Glass to produce speciality glass". 19 November 2002.
   66. ^ "High Strain-Point Glass Composition for Substrate".
   67. ^ "Baking system for plasma display panel and layout method for
       said system".
   68. ^ Duisit, G., Gaume, O., & El Khiati, N. (2003). 23.4: High Strain
       Point Glass with Improved Chemical Stability and Mechanical
       Properties for FPDs. SID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers,
       34(1), 905. doi:10.1889/1.1832431
   69. ^ "Shift to large LCD TVs over plasma", MSNBC, November 27, 2006,
       retrieved 2007-08-12.
   70. ^ "LCD televisions outsell plasma 8 to 1 worldwide" Archived
       2009-05-22 at the Wayback Machine, Digital Home, 21 May 2008,
       retrieved 2008-06-13.
   71. ^ Dugan, Emily., "6ft by 150 inches - and that's just the TV", The
       Independent, 8 January 2008, retrieved 2009-01-29.
   72. ^ PCMag.com - Panasonic's 150-Inch "Life Screen" Plasma Opens CES
   73. ^ "Panasonic celebrates higher plasma TV sales for 2010, sets
       prices for 2011". EnGadget. March 1, 2011.
   74. ^ LCD TV Market Ten Times Larger Than Plasma TVs On Units-Shipped
       Basis, 20 February 2011, Jonathan Sutton, hdtvtest.co.uk, retrieved
       at September 12, 2011
   75. ^ "LCD TV Growth Improving, As Plasma and CRT TV Disappear,
       According to NPD DisplaySearch". PRWeb. April 16, 2014. "Of course,
       the growth of LCD comes at the expense of plasma and CRT TV
       shipments, which are forecast to fall 48 percent and 50 percent,
       respectively, in 2014. In fact, both technologies will all but
       disappear by the end of 2015, as manufacturers cut production of
       both technologies in order to focus on LCD, which has become more
       competitive from a cost standpoint."
   76. ^ "TV shoppers: Now is the time to buy a Panasonic plasma". CNET.
       October 31, 2013.
   77. ^ Will Greenwald (October 28, 2014). "With LG Out, Plasma HDTVs Are
       Dead". PC Magazine.
   78. ^ David Katzmaier (July 2, 2014). "Samsung to end plasma TV
       production this year". CNET.
   79. ^ ^a ^b ^c
       https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=3EZWAAAAIBAJ&sjid=GOsDAAAAIBA
       J&pg=6111%2C5949387^[bare URL]
   80. ^ "Chunghwa Picture Tubes, Ltd. | Encyclopedia.com".
       www.encyclopedia.com.
   81. ^ Journal, Jason DeanStaff Reporter of The Wall Street (June 5,
       2003). "Formosa Plastics Enters Plasma-Display Market". Wall Street
       Journal - via www.wsj.com.
   82. ^ Osawa, Juro (January 23, 2012). "Hitachi to Shut Its Last TV
       Factory". Wall Street Journal - via www.wsj.com.
   83. ^ Mead 2007-05-20T23:00:00.139Z, Rob (20 May 2007). "LG shuts
       plasma TV plant". TechRadar.
   84. ^ "In Panasonic's plasma exit, Japan's TV makers come to terms with
       defeat". Reuters. 9 October 2013 - via mobile.reuters.com.
   85. ^ "Panasonic completes Amagasaki PDP plant". December 23, 2009 -
       via Japan Times Online.
   86. ^ "Pioneer puts new PDP factory on hold after poor sales | Network
       World". www.networkworld.com.
   87. ^ "SAMSUNG, KOREA: You think that's a big TV factory? THIS is a big
       TV factory... | What Hi-Fi?". www.whathifi.com. 4 December 2008.
   88. ^ "Toshiba phases out plasma displays". December 28,
       2004.^[permanent dead link]

External links[edit]

   Wikimedia Commons has media related to Plasma displays.

     * Plasma display panels: The colorful history of an Illinois
       technology' ' by Jamie Hutchinson, Electrical and Computer
       Engineering Alumni News, Winter 2002-2003 (via archive.org)
     * NYTimes.com - Forget L.C.D.; Go for Plasma, Says Maker of Both
       according to Panasonic Corporation
     * Home Theater Geeks - 13: Plasma Geek Out (audio podcast)

     * v
     * t
     * e

   Display technology

   Video displays

   Past
   generation
     * Eidophor
     * Cathode-ray tube (CRT)
     * Jumbotron
     * Electroluminescent display (ELD)
     * Plasma display panel (PDP)
          + ALiS

   Current
   generation
     * Quantum dot display (QLED)
     * Electronic paper
          + E Ink
          + Gyricon
     * Light emitting diode display (LED)
          + Organic light-emitting diode (OLED)
               o Active-Matrix Organic light-emitting diode (AMOLED)
     * Liquid-crystal display (LCD)
          + TFT
               o TN
               o IPS
          + LED
          + Blue Phase
     * Digital Light Processing (DLP)
     * Liquid crystal on silicon (LCoS)

   Next
   generation
     * microLED
     * Electroluminescent Quantum Dots (ELQD/QD-LED)
     * Organic light-emitting transistor (OLET)
     * Surface-conduction electron-emitter display (SED)
     * Field-emission display (FED)
     * Laser TV
          + Quantum dot
          + Liquid crystal
     * MEMS display
          + IMoD
          + TMOS
     * Ferroelectric liquid crystal display (FLCD)
     * Thick-film dielectric electroluminescent technology (TDEL)
     * Telescopic pixel display (TPD)
     * Laser-powered phosphor display (LPD)

   Non-video

     * Electromechanical
          + Flip-dot
          + Split-flap
          + Vane
     * Eggcrate
     * Fiber-optic
     * Nixie tube
     * Vacuum fluorescent display (VFD)
     * Light-emitting electrochemical cell (LEC)
     * Lightguide display
     * Dot-matrix display
     * Seven-segment display (SSD)
     * Eight-segment display
     * Nine-segment display
     * Fourteen-segment display (FSD)
     * Sixteen-segment display (SISD)

   3D display

     * Stereoscopic
     * Autostereoscopic
     * Multiscopic
     * Hologram
          + Holographic display
          + Computer-generated holography
     * Volumetric
     * Fog display

   Static media

     * Monoscope
     * Movie projector
     * Neon sign
     * Slide projector
     * Transparency
     * Laser beam

   Display capabilities

     * EDID
          + CEA-861
     * DisplayID
     * Always on Display
     * See-through display

   Related articles

     * History of display technology
     * Large-screen television technology
     * Optimum HDTV viewing distance
     * High Dynamic Range (HDR)
     * Color Light Output
     * Flexible display
     * Comparison of CRT, LCD, plasma, and OLED displays

   Comparison of display technology

   Authority control: National libraries Edit this at Wikidata
     * Germany
     * Japan

   Retrieved from
   "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plasma_display&oldid=112492
   4246"

   Categories:
     * Display technology
     * American inventions
     * Hungarian inventions

   Hidden categories:
     * Webarchive template wayback links
     * All articles with bare URLs for citations
     * Articles with bare URLs for citations from April 2022
     * All articles with dead external links
     * Articles with dead external links from June 2021
     * Articles with permanently dead external links
     * Articles with short description
     * Short description is different from Wikidata
     * All articles with unsourced statements
     * Articles with unsourced statements from December 2010
     * Commons category link is on Wikidata
     * Articles prone to spam from April 2022
     * Articles with GND identifiers
     * Articles with NDL identifiers

Navigation menu

Personal tools

     * Not logged in
     * Talk
     * Contributions
     * Create account
     * Log in

Namespaces

     * Article
     * Talk

   [ ] English

Views

     * Read
     * Edit
     * View history

   [ ] More

   ____________________ Search Go

Navigation

     * Main page
     * Contents
     * Current events
     * Random article
     * About Wikipedia
     * Contact us
     * Donate

Contribute

     * Help
     * Learn to edit
     * Community portal
     * Recent changes
     * Upload file

Tools

     * What links here
     * Related changes
     * Upload file
     * Special pages
     * Permanent link
     * Page information
     * Cite this page
     * Wikidata item

Print/export

     * Download as PDF
     * Printable version

In other projects

     * Wikimedia Commons

Languages

     * a+l+e+r+b+y+tm
     * Az@rbaycanca
     * B"lgarski
     * Brezhoneg
     * Catal`a
     * Cestina
     * Dansk
     * Deutsch
     * Eesti
     * Ellynika'
     * Espanol
     * Euskara
     * f+a+r+s+
     * Franc,ais
     * Gaeilge
     * Galego
     *
     *
     *
     * Hrvatski
     * Bahasa Indonesia
     * Italiano
     * E+B+R+J+T+
     *
     * azasha
     * Latviesu
     *
     * Bahasa Melayu
     * Mongol
     * Nederlands
     *
     * Norsk bokmaal
     * Polski
     * Portugues
     * Russkij
     *
     * Simple English
     * Slovencina
     * Slovenscina
     * Srpski / srpski
     * Srpskohrvatski / srpskohrvatski
     * Suomi
     * Svenska
     *
     *
     * Tuerkc,e
     * Ukrayins'ka
     * Tie>'ng Vie>-.t
     *

   Edit links

     * This page was last edited on 1 December 2022, at 06:57 (UTC).
     * Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike
       License 3.0; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you
       agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia(R) is a
       registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a
       non-profit organization.

     * Privacy policy
     * About Wikipedia
     * Disclaimers
     * Contact Wikipedia
     * Mobile view
     * Developers
     * Statistics
     * Cookie statement

     * Wikimedia Foundation
     * Powered by MediaWiki