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LED display
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Display technology
This article is about light-emitting diode (LED) based displays. For
LED-backlit displays, see LED-backlit LCD. For matrixed text displays,
see Dot-matrix display.
Not to be confused with Vacuum fluorescent display.
For segment displays, see Seven-segment display, Nine-segment display,
Fourteen-segment display, and Sixteen-segment display.
Detail view of a LED display with a matrix of red, green and blue
diodes
The 1,500-foot (460 m) long LED display on the Fremont Street
Experience in Downtown Las Vegas, Nevada is currently the largest in
the world.
A LED display is a flat panel display that uses an array of
light-emitting diodes as pixels for a video display. Their brightness
allows them to be used outdoors where they are visible in the sun for
store signs and billboards. In recent years, they have also become
commonly used in destination signs on public transport vehicles, as
well as variable-message signs on highways. LED displays are capable of
providing general illumination in addition to visual display, as when
used for stage lighting or other decorative (as opposed to
informational) purposes. LED displays can offer higher contrast ratios
than a projector and are thus an alternative to traditional projection
screens, and they can be used for large, uninterrupted (without a
visible grid arising from the bezels of individual displays) video
walls. microLED displays are LED displays with smaller LEDs, which
poses significant development challenges.
[ ]
Contents
* 1 History
* 2 Large video-capable screens
* 3 Development
+ 3.1 Early prototypes
+ 3.2 Recent developments
* 4 See also
* 5 References
* 6 External links
History[edit]
Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) came into existence in 1962 and were
primarily red in color for the first decade. The first practical LED
was invented by Nick Holonyak in 1962 while he was at General
Electric.^[1]
The first practical LED display was developed at Hewlett-Packard (HP)
and introduced in 1968.^[2] Its development was led by Howard C. Borden
and Gerald P. Pighini at HP Associates and HP Labs, who had engaged in
research and development (R&D) on practical LEDs between 1962 and 1968.
In February 1969, they introduced the HP Model 5082-7000 Numeric
Indicator.^[3] It was the first LED device to use integrated circuit
(integrated LED circuit) technology,^[3] and the first intelligent LED
display, making it a revolution in digital display technology,
replacing the Nixie tube and becoming the basis for later LED
displays.^[4]
Early models were monochromatic by design. The efficient Blue LED
completing the color triad did not commercially arrive until the late
1980s.
In the late 1980s, Aluminium Indium Gallium Phosphide LEDs arrived.
They provided an efficient source of red and amber and were used in
information displays. However, it was still impossible to achieve full
colour. The available "green" was hardly green at all - mostly yellow,
and an early blue had excessively high power consumption. It was only
when Shuji Nakumura, then at Nichia Chemical, announced the development
of the blue (and later green) LED based on Indium Gallium Nitride, that
possibilities opened for big LED video displays.
The entire idea of what could be done with LED was given an early shake
up by Mark Fisher's design for U2's "Popmart" tour of 1997. He realized
that with long viewing distances, wide pixel spacing could be used to
achieve very large images, especially if viewed at night. The system
had to be suitable for touring so an open mesh arrangement that could
be rolled up for transport was used. The whole display was 52m (170ft)
wide and 17m (56ft) high. It had a total of 150,000 pixels. The company
that supplied the LED pixels and their driving system, SACO
Technologies of Montreal, had never engineered a video system before,
previously building mimic panels for power station control rooms.
Today, large displays use high-brightness diodes to generate a wide
spectrum of colors. It took three decades and organic light-emitting
diodes for Sony to introduce an OLED TV, the Sony XEL-1 OLED screen
which was marketed in 2009. Later, at CES 2012, Sony presented Crystal
LED, a TV with a true LED-display, in which LEDs are used to produce
actual images rather than acting as backlighting for other types of
display, as in LED-backlit LCDs which are commonly marketed as LED TVs.
Large video-capable screens[edit]
The 2011 UEFA Champions League Final match between Manchester United
and Barcelona was broadcast live in 3D format in Gothenburg (Sweden),
on an EKTA screen. It had a refresh rate of 100 Hz, a diagonal of 7.11
m (23 ft 3.92 in) and a display area of 6.192 *3.483 m, and was listed
in the Guinness Book of Records as the largest LED 3D TV.^[5]^[6]
Development[edit]
Early prototypes[edit]
A claim for the 'first all-LED flat panel television screen` is
presented in this section. It was possibly developed, demonstrated and
documented by James P. Mitchell in 1977. Initial public recognition
came from the Westinghouse Educational Foundation Science Talent Search
group, a Science Service organization.^[7]^[verification needed] The
paper entry was named in the "Honors Group" publicized to universities
on January 25, 1978.^[8] The paper was subsequently invited and
presented at the Iowa Academy of Science at the University of Northern
Iowa.^[9]^[10] The operational prototype was displayed at the Eastern
Iowa SEF^[11] on March 18 and obtained a top "Physical Sciences" award
and IEEE recognition. The project was again displayed at the 29th
International SEF at the Anaheim Ca. Convention Center on May
8-10.^[12] The 1/4-inch thin miniature flat panel modular prototype,
scientific paper, and full screen (tiled LED matrix) schematic with
video interface were displayed at this event.^[13]^[14] It received
awards by NASA^[15] and General Motors Corporation.^[16]^[17]^[18] This
project marked some of the earliest progresses towards the replacement
of the 70+-year-old high-voltage analog CRT system (cathode-ray tube
technology) with a digital x-y scanned LED matrix driven with a NTSC
television RF video format. Mitchell's paper and operational prototype
projected the future replacement of CRTs and included foreseen
applications to battery operated devices due to the advantages of low
power consumption. Displacement of the electromagnetic scan systems
included the removal of inductive deflection, electron beam and color
convergence circuits and has been a significant achievement. The unique
properties of the light emitting diode as an emissive device simplifies
matrix scanning complexity and has helped the modern television adapt
to digital communications and shrink into its current thin form factor.
The 1977 model was monochromatic by design.
Recent developments[edit]
MicroLED displays are currently under development by numerous major
corporations such as Sony, Apple, Samsung, and LG.
These displays are easily scalable, and offer a more streamlined
production process. However, production costs remains a limiting
factor.^[19]
The 40m large LED display at the Armin Only event in April 2008 in the
Jaarbeurs Utrecht
See also[edit]
* OLED
* AMOLED
* MicroLED
* QLED
References[edit]
1. ^ "Inventor of Long-Lasting, Low-Heat Light Source Awarded $500,000
Lemelson-MIT Prize for Invention". Washington, D.C. Massachusetts
Institute of Technology. April 21, 2004. Archived from the original
on October 9, 2011. Retrieved December 21, 2011.
2. ^ Kramer, Bernhard (2003). Advances in Solid State Physics.
Springer Science & Business Media. p. 40. ISBN 9783540401506.
3. ^ ^a ^b Borden, Howard C.; Pighini, Gerald P. (February 1969).
"Solid-State Displays" (PDF). Hewlett-Packard Journal: 2-12.
4. ^ "Hewlett-Packard 5082-7000". The Vintage Technology Association.
Retrieved 15 August 2019.
5. ^ EKTA's Ukrainian produced 3D Led TV makes The Guinness Book of
World Records Archived 2011-10-18 at the Wayback Machine,
www.ekta-led.com
6. ^ Largest LED 3D TV. guinnessworldrecords.com
7. ^ "Science Service 1719 N Street N.W. Washington, D.C. 20036".
1978. Archived from the original on 2016-04-28. Retrieved
2016-05-03.
8. ^ The honors group STS projects were released for publication
January 25, 1978 to "all leading universities and colleges of the
united States utilizing a list furnished for the American Council
on Education".
9. ^ This event was held April 21-22 in Cedar Falls, Iowa at the UNI
campus
10. ^ Mitchell's abstract title "Light Emitting Diode Television
Screen" was published in the Honors Group of the 37th Annual
Science Talent Search for the Westinghouse Science Scholarship and
Awards in 1978, this qualified Mitchell for the UNI paper
presentation that followed
11. ^ Science and Engineering Fair http://www.eisef.org
12. ^ ISEF winner history
http://www.eisef.org/pmwiki/index.php/Web/SeniorChampionsByYear
13. ^ Project was viewed by ISEF judges, Los Angeles area college
professors, the 1977 president of the national chapter of the IEEE,
and also included a public viewing.
14. ^ The prototype and scientific paper "Light Emitting Diode
Television Screen" were part of exhibit #635.
15. ^ 29th ISEF "Announcement of Awards", p. 4, May 13, 1978, published
by the Science Service, 1719 N Street Washington D.C. 20036.
16. ^ 3rd Grand GM ISEF award, GM was also the corporate sponsor of the
1978 Science Service event. 1978 29th Annual ISEF "Announcement of
Awards", p. 5, (note: Intel Corporation is the current sponsor of
this event).
17. ^ Mitchell's modular LED x-y (horizontally and vertically digitally
scanned array system) was cited in the 29th International Science
and Engineering Exposition "book of abstracts", p. 97, published by
the "Science Service", Washington D.C. May 1978.
18. ^ Mitchell continued to display the fully operational prototype
including May 6 at the University of Northern Iowa Industrial Arts
event capturing another first award. Additional recognition
included letters from Iowa senators John Culver and Dick Clark, the
Air Force, the Army, college and university letters acknowledging
the Westinghouse STS paper entry.
19. ^ says, Sylvain Muckenhirn (2019-05-29). "MicroLEDs: The Next
Revolution In Displays?". Semiconductor Engineering. Retrieved
2019-06-27.
External links[edit]
* Media related to LED displays at Wikimedia Commons
* v
* t
* e
Display technology
Video displays
Past
generation
* Eidophor
* Cathode-ray tube (CRT)
* Jumbotron
* Electroluminescent display (ELD)
* Plasma display panel (PDP)
+ ALiS
Current
generation
* Quantum dot display (QLED)
* Organic light-emitting diode (OLED)
+ AMOLED
* Electronic paper
+ E Ink
+ Gyricon
* Light emitting diode display (LED)
* Liquid-crystal display (LCD)
+ TFT
o TN
o IPS
+ LED
+ Blue Phase
* Digital Light Processing (DLP)
* Liquid crystal on silicon (LCoS)
Next
generation
* microLED
* Electroluminescent Quantum Dots (ELQD/QD-LED)
* Organic light-emitting transistor (OLET)
* Surface-conduction electron-emitter display (SED)
* Field emission display (FED)
* Laser TV
+ Quantum dot
+ Liquid crystal
* MEMS display
+ IMoD
+ TMOS
* Ferro liquid crystal display (FLCD)
* Thick-film dielectric electroluminescent technology (TDEL)
* Telescopic pixel display (TPD)
* Laser-powered phosphor display (LPD)
Non-video
* Electromechanical
+ Flip-dot
+ Split-flap
+ Vane
* Eggcrate
* Fiber-optic
* Nixie tube
* Vacuum fluorescent display (VFD)
* Light-emitting electrochemical cell (LEC)
* Lightguide display
* Dot-matrix display
* Seven-segment display (SSD)
* Nine-segment display
* Fourteen-segment display (FSD)
* Sixteen-segment display (SISD)
3D display
* Stereoscopic
* Autostereoscopic
* Multiscopic
* Hologram
+ Holographic display
+ Computer-generated holography
* Volumetric
* Fog display
Static media
* Monoscope
* Movie projector
* Neon sign
* Slide projector
* Transparency
* Laser beam
Display capabilities
* EDID
+ CEA-861
* DisplayID
* Always on Display
* See-through display
Related articles
* History of display technology
* Large-screen television technology
* Optimum HDTV viewing distance
* High Dynamic Range (HDR)
* Color Light Output
* Flexible display
* Comparison of CRT, LCD, Plasma, and OLED displays
Comparison of display technology
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