---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#alternate Edit this page Wikipedia (en)
Analytical Engine
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Proposed mechanical general-purpose computer
Portion of the calculating machine with a printing mechanism of the
Analytical Engine, built by Charles Babbage, as displayed at the
Science Museum (London)^[1]
History of computing
Ordinateurs centraux 348-3-006.jpg
Hardware
* Hardware before 1960
* Hardware 1960s to present
Software
* Software
* Unix
* Free software and open-source software
Computer science
* Artificial intelligence
* Compiler construction
* Early computer science
* Operating systems
* Programming languages
* Prominent pioneers
* Software engineering
Modern concepts
* General-purpose CPUs
* Graphical user interface
* Internet
* Laptops
* Personal computers
* Video games
* World Wide Web
By country
* Bulgaria
* Eastern Bloc
* Poland
* Romania
* Soviet Union
* Yugoslavia
Timeline of computing
* before 1950
* 1950-1979
* 1980-1989
* 1990-1999
* 2000-2009
* 2010-2019
* 2020-present
* more timelines ...
Glossary of computer science
* Category
* v
* t
* e
The Analytical Engine was a proposed mechanical general-purpose
computer designed by English mathematician and computer pioneer Charles
Babbage.^[2]^[3] It was first described in 1837 as the successor to
Babbage's difference engine, which was a design for a simpler
mechanical calculator.^[4]
The Analytical Engine incorporated an arithmetic logic unit, control
flow in the form of conditional branching and loops, and integrated
memory, making it the first design for a general-purpose computer that
could be described in modern terms as Turing-complete.^[5]^[6] In other
words, the structure of the Analytical Engine was essentially the same
as that which has dominated computer design in the electronic era.^[3]
The Analytical Engine is one of the most successful achievements of
Charles Babbage.
Babbage was never able to complete construction of any of his machines
due to conflicts with his chief engineer and inadequate
funding.^[7]^[8] It was not until 1941 that Konrad Zuse built the first
general-purpose computer, Z3, more than a century after Babbage had
proposed the pioneering Analytical Engine in 1837.^[3]
[ ]
Contents
* 1 Design
* 2 Construction
* 3 Instruction set
* 4 Influence
+ 4.1 Predicted influence
+ 4.2 Computer science
* 5 Comparison to other early computers
* 6 In popular culture
* 7 References
* 8 Bibliography
* 9 External links
Design[edit]
Two types of punched cards used to program the machine. Foreground:
'operational cards', for inputting instructions; background: 'variable
cards', for inputting data
Babbage's first attempt at a mechanical computing device, the
Difference Engine, was a special-purpose machine designed to tabulate
logarithms and trigonometric functions by evaluating finite differences
to create approximating polynomials. Construction of this machine was
never completed; Babbage had conflicts with his chief engineer, Joseph
Clement, and ultimately the British government withdrew its funding for
the project.^[9]^[10]^[11]
During this project, Babbage realised that a much more general design,
the Analytical Engine, was possible.^[9] The work on the design of the
Analytical Engine started around 1833.^[12]^[4]
The input, consisting of programs ("formulae") and data,^[13]^[9] was
to be provided to the machine via punched cards, a method being used at
the time to direct mechanical looms such as the Jacquard loom.^[14] For
output, the machine would have a printer, a curve plotter, and a
bell.^[9] The machine would also be able to punch numbers onto cards to
be read in later. It employed ordinary base-10 fixed-point
arithmetic.^[9]
There was to be a store (that is, a memory) capable of holding 1,000
numbers of 40 decimal digits^[15] each (ca. 16.6 kB). An arithmetic
unit (the "mill") would be able to perform all four arithmetic
operations, plus comparisons and optionally square roots.^[16]
Initially (1838) it was conceived as a difference engine curved back
upon itself, in a generally circular layout, with the long store
exiting off to one side.^[17] Later drawings (1858) depict a
regularised grid layout.^[18] Like the central processing unit (CPU) in
a modern computer, the mill would rely upon its own internal
procedures, to be stored in the form of pegs inserted into rotating
drums called "barrels", to carry out some of the more complex
instructions the user's program might specify.^[7]
The programming language to be employed by users was akin to modern day
assembly languages. Loops and conditional branching were possible, and
so the language as conceived would have been Turing-complete as later
defined by Alan Turing. Three different types of punch cards were used:
one for arithmetical operations, one for numerical constants, and one
for load and store operations, transferring numbers from the store to
the arithmetical unit or back. There were three separate readers for
the three types of cards. Babbage developed some two dozen programs for
the Analytical Engine between 1837 and 1840, and one program
later.^[14]^[19] These programs treat polynomials, iterative formulas,
Gaussian elimination, and Bernoulli numbers.^[14]^[20]
In 1842, the Italian mathematician Luigi Federico Menabrea published a
description of the engine in French,^[21] based on lectures Babbage
gave when he visited Turin in 1840.^[22] In 1843, the description was
translated into English and extensively annotated by Ada Lovelace, who
had become interested in the engine eight years earlier.^[13] In
recognition of her additions to Menabrea's paper, which included a way
to calculate Bernoulli numbers using the machine (widely considered to
be the first complete computer program), she has been described as the
first computer programmer.
Construction[edit]
Henry Babbage's Analytical Engine Mill, built in 1910,^[23] in the
Science Museum (London)
Late in his life, Babbage sought ways to build a simplified version of
the machine, and assembled a small part of it before his death in
1871.^[1]^[7]^[24]
In 1878, a committee of the British Association for the Advancement of
Science described the Analytical Engine as "a marvel of mechanical
ingenuity", but recommended against constructing it. The committee
acknowledged the usefulness and value of the machine, but could not
estimate the cost of building it, and were unsure whether the machine
would function correctly after being built.^[25]^[26]
Intermittently from 1880 to 1910,^[27] Babbage's son Henry Prevost
Babbage was constructing a part of the mill and the printing apparatus.
In 1910, it was able to calculate a (faulty) list of multiples of
pi.^[28] This constituted only a small part of the whole engine; it was
not programmable and had no storage. (Popular images of this section
have sometimes been mislabelled, implying that it was the entire mill
or even the entire engine.) Henry Babbage's "Analytical Engine Mill" is
on display at the Science Museum in London.^[23] Henry also proposed
building a demonstration version of the full engine, with a smaller
storage capacity: "perhaps for a first machine ten (columns) would do,
with fifteen wheels in each".^[29] Such a version could manipulate
20 numbers of 25 digits each, and what it could be told to do with
those numbers could still be impressive. "It is only a question of
cards and time", wrote Henry Babbage in 1888, "... and there is no
reason why (twenty thousand) cards should not be used if necessary, in
an Analytical Engine for the purposes of the mathematician".^[29]
In 1991, the London Science Museum built a complete and working
specimen of Babbage's Difference Engine No. 2, a design that
incorporated refinements Babbage discovered during the development of
the Analytical Engine.^[5] This machine was built using materials and
engineering tolerances that would have been available to Babbage,
quelling the suggestion that Babbage's designs could not have been
produced using the manufacturing technology of his time.^[30]
In October 2010, John Graham-Cumming started a "Plan 28" campaign to
raise funds by "public subscription" to enable serious historical and
academic study of Babbage's plans, with a view to then build and test a
fully working virtual design which will then in turn enable
construction of the physical Analytical Engine.^[31]^[32]^[33] As of
May 2016, actual construction had not been attempted, since no
consistent understanding could yet be obtained from Babbage's original
design drawings. In particular it was unclear whether it could handle
the indexed variables which were required for Lovelace's Bernoulli
program.^[34] By 2017, the "Plan 28" effort reported that a searchable
database of all catalogued material was available, and an initial
review of Babbage's voluminous Scribbling Books had been
completed.^[35]
Many of Babbage's original drawings have been digitised and are
publicly available online.^[36]
Instruction set[edit]
Plan diagram of the Analytical Engine from 1840
Babbage is not known to have written down an explicit set of
instructions for the engine in the manner of a modern processor manual.
Instead he showed his programs as lists of states during their
execution, showing what operator was run at each step with little
indication of how the control flow would be guided.
Allan G. Bromley has assumed that the card deck could be read in
forwards and backwards directions as a function of conditional
branching after testing for conditions, which would make the engine
Turing-complete:
...the cards could be ordered to move forward and reverse (and hence
to loop)...^[14]
The introduction for the first time, in 1845, of user operations for
a variety of service functions including, most importantly, an
effective system for user control of looping in user programs. There
is no indication how the direction of turning of the operation and
variable cards is specified. In the absence of other evidence I have
had to adopt the minimal default assumption that both the operation
and variable cards can only be turned backward as is necessary to
implement the loops used in Babbage's sample programs. There would
be no mechanical or microprogramming difficulty in placing the
direction of motion under the control of the user.^[37]
In their emulator of the engine, Fourmilab say:
The Engine's Card Reader is not constrained to simply process the
cards in a chain one after another from start to finish. It can, in
addition, directed by the very cards it reads and advised by whether
the Mill's run-up lever is activated, either advance the card chain
forward, skipping the intervening cards, or backward, causing
previously-read cards to be processed once again.
This emulator does provide a written symbolic instruction set, though
this has been constructed by its authors rather than based on Babbage's
original works. For example, a factorial program would be written as:
N0 6
N1 1
N2 1
*
L1
L0
S1
-
L0
L2
S0
L2
L0
CB?11
where the CB is the conditional branch instruction or "combination
card" used to make the control flow jump, in this case backward by 11
cards.
Influence[edit]
Predicted influence[edit]
Babbage understood that the existence of an automatic computer would
kindle interest in the field now known as algorithmic efficiency,
writing in his Passages from the Life of a Philosopher, "As soon as an
Analytical Engine exists, it will necessarily guide the future course
of the science. Whenever any result is sought by its aid, the question
will then arise--By what course of calculation can these results be
arrived at by the machine in the shortest time?"^[38]
Computer science[edit]
From 1872 Henry continued diligently with his father's work and then
intermittently in retirement in 1875.^[39]
Percy Ludgate wrote about the engine in 1914^[40] and published his own
design for an Analytical Engine in 1909.^[41]^[42] It was drawn up in
detail, but never built, and the drawings have never been found.
Ludgate's engine would be much smaller (about 8 cubic feet (230 L),
which corresponds to cube of side length 2 feet (61 cm)) than
Babbage's, and hypothetically would be capable of multiplying two
20-decimal-digit numbers in about six seconds.^[43]
In his Essays on Automatics (1913) Leonardo Torres y Quevedo, inspired
by Babbage, designed a theoretical electromechanical calculating
machine which was to be controlled by a read-only program. The paper
also contains the idea of floating-point arithmetic.^[44]
Vannevar Bush's paper Instrumental Analysis (1936) included several
references to Babbage's work. In the same year he started the Rapid
Arithmetical Machine project to investigate the problems of
constructing an electronic digital computer.^[43]
Despite this groundwork, Babbage's work fell into historical obscurity,
and the Analytical Engine was unknown to builders of electromechanical
and electronic computing machines in the 1930s and 1940s when they
began their work, resulting in the need to re-invent many of the
architectural innovations Babbage had proposed. Howard Aiken, who built
the quickly-obsoleted electromechanical calculator, the Harvard Mark I,
between 1937 and 1945, praised Babbage's work likely as a way of
enhancing his own stature, but knew nothing of the Analytical Engine's
architecture during the construction of the Mark I, and considered his
visit to the constructed portion of the Analytical Engine "the greatest
disappointment of my life".^[45] The Mark I showed no influence from
the Analytical Engine and lacked the Analytical Engine's most prescient
architectural feature, conditional branching.^[45] J. Presper Eckert
and John W. Mauchly similarly were not aware of the details of
Babbage's Analytical Engine work prior to the completion of their
design for the first electronic general-purpose computer, the
ENIAC.^[46]^[47]
Comparison to other early computers[edit]
If the Analytical Engine had been built, it would have been digital,
programmable and Turing-complete. It would, however, have been very
slow. Luigi Federico Menabrea reported in Sketch of the Analytical
Engine: "Mr. Babbage believes he can, by his engine, form the product
of two numbers, each containing twenty figures, in three minutes".^[48]
By comparison the Harvard Mark I could perform the same task in just
six seconds. A modern PC can do the same thing in well under a
billionth of a second.
Further information: History of computing hardware S: Early digital
computer characteristics
Name First operational Numeral system Computing mechanism Programming
Turing complete Memory
Difference Engine Not built until the 1990s (design 1820s) Decimal
Mechanical Not programmable; initial numerical constants of polynomial
differences set physically No Physical state of wheels in axes
Analytical Engine Not built (design 1830s) Decimal Mechanical
Program-controlled by punched cards Yes Physical state of wheels in
axes
Ludgate's Analytical Engine Not built (design 1909) Decimal Mechanical
Program-controlled by punched cards Yes Physical state of rods
Torres y Quevedo's Analytical machine 1920 Decimal Electromechanical
Not programmable; input and output settings specified by patch cables
No Mechanical relays
Zuse Z1 (Germany) 1939 Binary floating point Mechanical Not
programmable; cipher input settings specified by patch cables No
Physical state of rods
Bombe (Poland, UK, US) 1939 (Polish), March 1940 (British), May 1943
(US) Character computations Electro-mechanical Not programmable; cipher
input settings specified by patch cables No Physical state of rotors
Zuse Z2 (Germany) 1940 Binary floating point Electro-mechanical
(Mechanical memory) Program-controlled by punched 35 mm film stock No
Physical state of rods
Zuse Z3 (Germany) May 1941 Binary floating point Electro-mechanical
Program-controlled by punched 35 mm film stock In principle Mechanical
relays
Atanasoff-Berry Computer (US) 1942 Binary Electronic Not programmable;
linear system coefficients input using punched cards No Regenerative
capacitor memory
Colossus Mark 1 (UK) December 1943 Binary Electronic Program-controlled
by patch cables and switches No Thermionic valves (vacuum tubes) and
thyratrons
Harvard Mark I - IBM ASCC (US) May 1944 Decimal Electro-mechanical
Program-controlled by 24-channel punched paper tape (but no conditional
branch) No Mechanical relays^[49]
Zuse Z4 (Germany) March 1945 (or 1948)^[50] Binary floating point
Electro-mechanical Program-controlled by punched 35 mm film stock In
1950 Mechanical relays
ENIAC (US) July 1946 Decimal Electronic Program-controlled by patch
cables and switches Yes Vacuum tube triode flip-flops
Manchester Baby (UK) 1948 Binary Electronic Binary program entered into
memory by keyboard^[51] (first electronic stored-program digital
computer) Yes Williams cathode ray tube
EDSAC (UK) 1949 Binary Electronic Five-bit opcode and variable-length
operand (first stored-program computer offering computing services to a
wide community). Yes Mercury delay lines
In popular culture[edit]
* The cyberpunk novelists William Gibson and Bruce Sterling
co-authored a steampunk novel of alternative history titled The
Difference Engine in which Babbage's difference and Analytical
Engines became available to Victorian society. The novel explores
the consequences and implications of the early introduction of
computational technology.
* Moriarty by Modem, a short story by Jack Nimersheim, describes an
alternative history where Babbage's Analytical Engine was indeed
completed and had been deemed highly classified by the British
government. The characters of Sherlock Holmes and Moriarty had in
reality been a set of prototype programs written for the Analytical
Engine. This short story follows Holmes as his program is
implemented on modern computers and he is forced to compete against
his nemesis yet again in the modern counterparts of Babbage's
Analytical Engine.^[52]
* A similar setting is used by Sydney Padua in the webcomic The
Thrilling Adventures of Lovelace and Babbage.^[53]^[54] It features
an alternative history where Ada Lovelace and Babbage have built
the Analytical Engine and use it to fight crime at Queen Victoria's
request.^[55] The comic is based on thorough research on the
biographies of and correspondence between Babbage and Lovelace,
which is then twisted for humorous effect.
* The Orion's Arm online project features the Machina Babbagenseii,
fully sentient Babbage-inspired mechanical computers. Each is the
size of a large asteroid, only capable of surviving in microgravity
conditions, and processes data at 0.5% the speed of a human
brain.^[56]
References[edit]
1. ^ ^a ^b "Babbage's Analytical Engine, 1834-1871. (Trial model)".
Science Museum. Retrieved 23 August 2017.
2. ^ John Graham-Cumming (4 October 2010). "The 100-year leap".
O'Reilly Radar. Retrieved 1 August 2012.
3. ^ ^a ^b ^c "The Babbage Engine: The Engines". Computer History
Museum. 2016. Retrieved 7 May 2016.
4. ^ ^a ^b Bromley 1982, p. 196.
5. ^ ^a ^b "Babbage". Online stuff. Science Museum. 19 January 2007.
Retrieved 1 August 2012.
6. ^ "Let's build Babbage's ultimate mechanical computer". opinion.
New Scientist. 23 December 2010. Retrieved 1 August 2012.
7. ^ ^a ^b ^c Tim Robinson (28 May 2007). "Difference Engines".
Meccano.us. Retrieved 1 August 2012.
8. ^ Weber, Alan S (10 March 2000). 19th Century Science, an
Anthology. ISBN 9781551111650. Retrieved 1 August 2012.
9. ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Collier 1970, p. chapter 3.
10. ^ Lee, John A.n (1995). International Biographical Dictionary of
Computer Pioneers. ISBN 9781884964473. Retrieved 1 August 2012.
11. ^ Balchin, Jon (2003). Science: 100 Scientists Who Changed the
World. Enchanted Lion Books. p. 105. ISBN 9781592700172. Retrieved
1 August 2012.
12. ^ Dubbey, J. M.; Dubbey, John Michael (12 February 2004). The
Mathematical Work of Charles Babbage. Cambridge University Press.
p. 197. ISBN 9780521524766.
13. ^ ^a ^b Menabrea & Lovelace 1843.
14. ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Bromley 1982, p. 215.
15. ^ Bromley 1982, p. 198.
16. ^ Bromley 1982, p. 211.
17. ^ Bromley 1982, p. 209.
18. ^ "The Babbage Pages: Calculating Engines". Projects.ex.ac.uk. 8
January 1997. Retrieved 1 August 2012.
19. ^ Bromley 1990, p. 89.
20. ^ Bromley 2000, p. 11.
21. ^ Menabrea, Mr. L.-F. (1842). "Notions sur la machine analytique de
M. Charles Babbage". Bibliotheque universelle de Geneve. 41:
352-376 - via Bibnum.
22. ^ Sterling, Bruce (14 May 2017). "Charles Babbage left a computer
program in Turin in 1840. Here it is". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028.
Retrieved 10 June 2021.
23. ^ ^a ^b "Henry Babbage's Analytical Engine Mill, 1910". Science
Museum. 16 January 2007. Retrieved 1 August 2012.
24. ^ Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. Priestley and
Weale. 1910. p. 517.
25. ^ * Report of the Forty-Eighth Meeting of the British Association
for the Advancement of Science (Report). London: John Murray. 1879.
pp. 92-102. Retrieved 20 December 2015.
26. ^ "The Analytical Engine (Report 1879)". Fourmilab.ch. Retrieved 20
December 2015.
27. ^ Britain), Institute of Actuaries (Great (1950). Proceedings of
the centenary assembly of the Institute of Actuaries. Printed for
the Institute of Actuaries at the University Press. p. 178.
28. ^ Randell, Brian (21 December 2013). "2.3. Babbage's Analytical
Engine. H. P. Babbage (1910)". The Origins of Digital Computers:
Selected Papers. Springer. ISBN 9783642618123.
29. ^ ^a ^b "The Analytical Engine (Henry P. Babbage 1888)".
Fourmilab.ch. Retrieved 1 August 2012.
30. ^ "A Modern Sequel -- The Babbage Engine". Computer History Museum.
Retrieved 1 August 2012.
31. ^ "Campaign builds to construct Babbage Analytical Engine". BBC
News. 14 October 2010.
32. ^ "Building Charles Babbage's Analytical Engine". Plan 28. 27 July
2009. Retrieved 1 August 2012.
33. ^ Markoff, John (7 November 2011). "It Started Digital Wheels
Turning". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the
original on 1 January 2022. Retrieved 10 June 2021.
34. ^ "Spring 2016 report to the Computer Conservation Society". Plan
28. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
35. ^ "Spring 2017 report to the Computer Conservation Society".
blog.plan28.org. Retrieved 13 June 2017.
36. ^ "The Babbage Papers". Science Museum Group. 1821-1905. Archived
from the original on 13 April 2020.
37. ^ Bromley 2000.
38. ^ Babbage 1864, p. 137.
39. ^ "The Babbage Engine - Key People - Henry Provost Babbage".
Computer History Museum. Archived from the original on 20 February
2011. Retrieved 8 February 2011.
40. ^ Horsburg, E. M. (Ellice Martin); Napier Tercentenary Exhibition
(1914). "Automatic Calculating Machines by P. E. Ludgate". Modern
instruments and methods of calculation : a handbook of the Napier
Tercentenary Exhibition. Gerstein - University of Toronto. London :
G. Bell. pp. 124-127.
41. ^ Ludgate, Percy E. (April 1909). "On a proposed analytical
machine". Scientific Proceedings of the Royal Dublin Society. 12
(9): 77-91. Available on-line at: Fano.co.UK
42. ^ "The John Gabriel Byrne Computer Science Collection" (PDF).
Archived from the original on 16 April 2019. Retrieved 8 August
2019.
43. ^ ^a ^b "Percy Ludgate's Analytical Machine". fano.co.uk. From
Analytical Engine to Electronic Digital Computer: The Contributions
of Ludgate, Torres, and Bush by Brian Randell, 1982, Ludgate: pp.
4-5, Quevedo: pp. 6, 11-13, Bush: pp. 13, 16-17. Retrieved 29
October 2018.
44. ^ Randell 1982, p. 6, 11-13.
45. ^ ^a ^b Cohen 2000.
46. ^ "J. Presper Eckert Interview 28 October 1977". Archived from the
original on 24 July 2010. Retrieved 9 February 2011.
47. ^ "Computer Oral History Collection, 1969-1973, 1977" (PDF).
Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 November 2010. Retrieved 9
February 2011.
48. ^ Menabrea & Lovelace 1843, p. 688.
49. ^ "The Mark I Computer". Collection of Historical Scientific
Instruments. Harvard University. Archived from the original on 10
July 2015. Retrieved 7 May 2016.
50. ^ "Konrad Zuse--the first relay computer". History of Computers.
Retrieved 7 May 2016.
51. ^ "The Manchester Small Scale Experimental Machine - "The Baby"".
Department of Computer Science, University of Manchester. April
1999. Retrieved 7 May 2016.
52. ^ Nimersheim, Jack (1995). "Moriarty by Modem". cheznims.com.
Retrieved 7 May 2016.
53. ^ "Dangerous experiments in comics". 2D Goggles. Retrieved 1 August
2012.
54. ^ "Experiments in Comics with Sydney Padua". Tor.com. 26 October
2009. Retrieved 1 August 2012.
55. ^ "The Client | 2D Goggles". Sydneypadua.com. Retrieved 1 August
2012.
56. ^ "Machina Babbagenseii". Orion's Arm. 2014. Retrieved 7 May 2016.
Bibliography[edit]
*
Babbage, Charles (1864). "Chapter VIII - Of the Analytical Engine".
Passages from the Life of a Philosopher. London: Longman, Green,
Longman, Roberts, & Green. pp. 112-141.
Babbage, Charles (1889). Babbage, Henry P. (ed.). Babbage's
Calculating Engines - Being a Collection of Papers Relating to Them;
Their History, and Construction (PDF). New York: Cambridge University
Press. ISBN 978-1-108-00096-3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4
March 2016. Retrieved 24 December 2015.
Bromley, Allan G. (July-September 1982). "Charles Babbage's
Analytical Engine, 1838" (PDF). IEEE Annals of the History of
Computing. 4 (3): 197-217. doi:10.1109/mahc.1982.10028. S2CID 2285332.
Bromley, Allan G. (1990). "Difference and Analytical Engines". In
Aspray, William (ed.). Computing Before Computers (PDF). Ames: Iowa
State University Press. pp. 59-98. ISBN 978-0-8138-0047-9.
Bromley, Allan G. (October-December 2000). "Babbage's Analytical
Engine Plans 28 and 28a-The Programmer's Interface". IEEE Annals of the
History of Computing. 22 (4): 5-19. doi:10.1109/85.887986.
S2CID 17597243.
Cohen, I. Bernard (2000). "8 - Aiken's Background in Computing and
Knowledge of Babbage's Machines". Howard Aiken: Portrait of a Computer
Pioneer. Cambridge: MIT Press. pp. 61-72. ISBN 9780262531795.
Collier, Bruce (1970). The Little Engines That Could've: The
Calculating Machines of Charles Babbage (PhD). Harvard University.
Retrieved 18 December 2015.
Green, Christopher D. (2005). "Was Babbage's Analytical Engine
intended to be a mechanical model of the mind?" (PDF). History of
Psychology. 8 (1): 35-45. doi:10.1037/1093-4510.8.1.35. PMID 16021763.
Retrieved 25 December 2015.
Hyman, Anthony (1982). Charles Babbage: A Biography. Oxford: Oxford
University Press. ISBN 9780198581703.
Menabrea, Luigi Federico; Lovelace, Ada (1843). "Sketch of the
Analytical Engine invented by Charles Babbage... with notes by the
translator. Translated by Ada Lovelace". In Richard Taylor (ed.).
Scientific Memoirs. Vol. 3. London: Richard and John E. Taylor.
pp. 666-731.
Randell, Brian (October-December 1982). "From Analytical Engine to
Electronic Digital Computer: The Contributions of Ludgate, Torres, and
Bush" (PDF). IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 4 (4): 327-341.
doi:10.1109/mahc.1982.10042. S2CID 1737953. Archived from the original
(PDF) on 21 September 2013.
Rojas, Raul (January-March 2021). "The Computer Programs of Charles
Babbage". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 43 (1): 6-18.
doi:10.1109/MAHC.2020.3045717. S2CID 232149889.
Wilkes, Maurice Vincent (1971). "Babbage as a Computer Pioneer".
Proc. Babbage Memorial Meeting. London: British Computer Society.
pp. 415-440.
External links[edit]
* icon Computer programming portal
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Analytical Engine.
* The Babbage Papers, Science Museum archive
* The Analytical Engine at Fourmilab, includes historical documents
and online simulations
*
"Image of the "General Plan of Babbage's great calculating engine"
(1840), plus a modern description of operational & programming
features". Archived from the original on 21 August 2008.
Image of a later Plan of Analytical Engine with grid layout (1858)
First working Babbage "barrel" actually assembled, circa 2005
Special issue, IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, Volume 22,
Number 4, October-December 2000 (subscription required)
Babbage, Science Museum, London (archived)
"The Marvellous Analytical Engine- How It Works". 2D Goggles. 31 May
2015. Archived from the original on 26 November 2021. Retrieved 23
August 2017.
Plan 28: Building Charles Babbage's Analytical Engine
Retrieved from
"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Analytical_Engine&oldid=110
7173661"
Categories:
* Charles Babbage
* Computer-related introductions in 1837
* English inventions
* Mechanical calculators
* Mechanical computers
* One-of-a-kind computers
Hidden categories:
* Articles with short description
* Short description is different from Wikidata
* EngvarB from July 2022
* Use dmy dates from July 2022
* Commons category link is on Wikidata
* Pages containing links to subscription-only content
Navigation menu
Personal tools
* Not logged in
* Talk
* Contributions
* Create account
* Log in
Namespaces
* Article
* Talk
[ ] English
Views
* Read
* Edit
* View history
[ ] More
Search
____________________ Search Go
Navigation
* Main page
* Contents
* Current events
* Random article
* About Wikipedia
* Contact us
* Donate
Contribute
* Help
* Learn to edit
* Community portal
* Recent changes
* Upload file
Tools
* What links here
* Related changes
* Upload file
* Special pages
* Permanent link
* Page information
* Cite this page
* Wikidata item
Print/export
* Download as PDF
* Printable version
In other projects
* Wikimedia Commons
Languages
* Alemannisch
* a+l+e+r+b+y+tm
* Bosanski
* Catal`a
* Cestina
* Deutsch
* Ellynika'
* Espanol
* f+a+r+s+
* Franc,ais
*
* Hrvatski
* Italiano
* E+B+R+J+T+
* Lietuviu
*
* Nederlands
*
* Norsk bokmaal
* Polski
* Portugues
* Shqip
* Simple English
* Srpski / srpski
* Suomi
* Svenska
*
* Tuerkc,e
* Ukrayins'ka
*
*
Edit links
* This page was last edited on 28 August 2022, at 15:36 (UTC).
* Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike
License 3.0; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you
agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia(R) is a
registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a
non-profit organization.
* Privacy policy
* About Wikipedia
* Disclaimers
* Contact Wikipedia
* Mobile view
* Developers
* Statistics
* Cookie statement
* Wikimedia Foundation
* Powered by MediaWiki
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------