---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#alternate Edit this page Wikipedia (en) Wikipedia Atom feed
IFRAME:
https://archive.org/includes/donate.php?as_page=1&platform=wb&referer=h
ttps%3A//web.archive.org/web/20250919071509/https%3A//en.wikipedia.org/
wiki/Semai_people
Wayback Machine
https://en.wikipedia Go
206 captures
20 Mar 2012 - 19 Sep 2025
Aug SEP Oct
19
2024 2025 2026
success
fail
About this capture
COLLECTED BY
Collection: Save Page Now Outlinks
TIMESTAMPS
loading
The Wayback Machine -
https://web.archive.org/web/20250919071509/https://en.wikipedia.org/wik
i/Semai_people
Jump to content
[ ] Main menu
Main menu
(BUTTON) move to sidebar (BUTTON) hide
Navigation
* Main page
* Contents
* Current events
* Random article
* About Wikipedia
* Contact us
Contribute
* Help
* Learn to edit
* Community portal
* Recent changes
* Upload file
* Special pages
Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia
Search
____________________
(BUTTON) Search
[ ] Appearance
* Donate
* Create account
* Log in
[ ] Personal tools
* Donate
* Create account
* Log in
Pages for logged out editors learn more
* Contributions
* Talk
Contents
(BUTTON) move to sidebar (BUTTON) hide
* (Top)
* 1 Origins
* 2 Subsistence
* 3 Culture
(BUTTON) Toggle Culture subsection
+ 3.1 Settlement
+ 3.2 Marriage
+ 3.3 Non-violence
+ 3.4 Worldview
+ 3.5 Punan
o 3.5.1 Food sharing
o 3.5.2 Leadership
o 3.5.3 Childhood
* 4 Spirituality and beliefs
* 5 Settlement area
* 6 Population
* 7 Popular culture
* 8 Notable people
* 9 References
* 10 Further reading
* 11 External links
[ ] Toggle the table of contents
Semai people
[ ] 10 languages
* Franc,ais
* Bahasa Indonesia
* m+c+r+j+
* Bahasa Melayu
*
* Russkij
* Srpskohrvatski / srpskohrvatski
*
*
* Jaku Iban
Edit links
* Article
* Talk
[ ] English
* Read
* Edit
* View history
[ ] Tools
Tools
(BUTTON) move to sidebar (BUTTON) hide
Actions
* Read
* Edit
* View history
General
* What links here
* Related changes
* Upload file
* Permanent link
* Page information
* Cite this page
* Get shortened URL
* Download QR code
Print/export
* Download as PDF
* Printable version
In other projects
* Wikimedia Commons
* Wikidata item
Appearance
(BUTTON) move to sidebar (BUTTON) hide
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Ethnic group of the Malay Peninsula
For other uses, see Semai Island.
Ethnic group
CAPTION: Semai
Mai Semai / Mai Kateh
[330px-Orang_Asli_-_Semai.jpg]
A Semai man in Tapah, Perak, Malaysia.
Total population
50,000 ^[1]
Regions with significant populations
Malaysia (Perak and Pahang)
Languages
Semai language, Malay language
Religion
Animism, Christianity and Islam.
Related ethnic groups
Temiar people, Lanoh people, Khmer people
The Semai (also known as Mai Semai or Sengoi Hik^[2]) are a
semi-sedentary ethnic group living in the center of the Malay Peninsula
in Southeast Asia, known especially for their nonviolence.^[3] This
characterization was made by Robert Knox Dentan, an anthropologist who
studied the Semai in the 1960s, though he offered a more nuanced view
after subsequent fieldwork.^[4] They speak Semai, an Austroasiatic
language closely related to Temiar, spoken by Temiars nearby. The Semai
are bordered by the Temiars to the north and the Jah Hut to the
South.^[5] The Semai belong to the Senoi group, and are one of the
largest indigenous ethnic group in the Peninsula and the largest of the
Senoi group. Most Semai subsist by cultivating grain crops, hunting,
and fishing.
Origins
[edit]
[250px-Semai_nymonh.jpg] Wax sculpture of a Semai woman at the New York
Museum of Natural History
It is thought that the Semai are the descendants of the original
population of Southeast Asia, arriving on the Malay peninsula
approximately sometime during 8000 to 6000 BC.^[6] According to Keene
State College's Orang Asli Archive, in 1991 there were 26,627 Semai^[7]
and according to the Center for Orang Asli Concerns in 2000 there were
34,248^[8] Semai living on the Malay Peninsula. This number has
increased in recent years with the advent of better nutrition as well
as improved sanitation and healthcare practices. These numbers,
however, do not include other peoples of Semai or mixed descent, most
of whom have assimilated into other cultures and have abandoned their
ancestral tribal lands in order to seek better employment and education
opportunities, especially in the larger cities.^[citation needed]
A genetic study conducted in 1995 by a team of biologists from the
National University of Singapore has shown a close relationship between
the Semai and the Khmer of Cambodia. This is in line with the
linguistic situation of the Semai, whose language belongs to the
Mon-Khmer family. Furthermore, the Semai seem to be more closely
related to the Javanese than to their Malay neighbors on the
peninsula.^[9] The Malays are thought to have arrived on the peninsula
approximately 1000 years after the Semai,^[6] at first trading
peacefully with them. However, when the Malays created kingdoms and
converted to Islam, this relationship changed. The Malays began
considering the Semai as "despised pagans" ^[6] and sanctioned
murdering Semai adults and kidnapping young children.^[6] Several
Malaysian state governments have religious agencies that have programs
to convert the Semai to Islam.^[6]
Subsistence
[edit]
The Semai are semi-sedentary horticulturalists who practice "slash and
burn" agriculture.^[5] They mainly rely on growing rice and manioc or
cassava roots for their subsistence.^[6] The Semai use machetes to
clear forested areas, after which they burn and plant crops in that
area.^[5] After two or three harvests when the land is worn,^[5] the
Semai will begin planting in a new area. The Semai also supplement
their diet with hunting and fishing, as well as raising chickens (for
their own consumption) and goats and ducks (to sell to the Malays).
Fish are mainly caught by women, who use basket traps to scoop fish,
whereas hunting is primarily done by men, using blowguns, poison darts,
and spears.^[6] Any large game caught, such as deer, pigs, pythons, or
binturong (bearcat), are shared among the community.^[5]
Culture
[edit]
Settlement
[edit]
[250px-M14837_my.png] Semai Live in the center of the Malay Peninsula.
The Semai live in settlements of 30 to 200 people.^[6] Individual
households consist of nuclear families with sometimes a few extended
relatives.^[5] Most dwellings are built with wood, bamboo with weaved
walls and thatched roofs using palm leaves. Semai houses have no
visible bedrooms, especially for the children, as they all sleep in the
main hall. The only separation seems to be in the form of wooden-beaded
curtains for the parents' chambers. This form of separation is also
adopted by the coastal Malays, who use instead curtains made of
seashells, and deutero-Malays, who use the batik cloth to form the
curtains. There are no locks or otherwise, usual devices used to
preventing an unwanted entry into any of these rooms. A simple way of
telling that an entry is unwanted is by drawing down the curtains. To
allow entry, the curtain is drawn to the sides and tied to form an
opening. Expressed permission must be requested in cases where entry is
needed when the curtains are closed. An entry without permission is a
transgression and entails some sort of natural retribution.^[citation
needed]
With regards to space and dominion, there appears to be no distinction
between the public and private realms, and thus, "the Western concept
of privacy, domestic or otherwise, is not to be found".^[10] This
concept is also shared by the rural Malays, of whom, many are descended
from mixed marriages with the Semais and other Orang Asli people. They
carry with them the wisdom and lore of the Semais, including their
non-violent and pacifist tendencies, harmonized with other prevailing
religions of their adoption.^[citation needed]
Marriage
[edit]
[250px-Pagan_races_of_the_Malay_Peninsula_%281906%29_%2814781104392%29.
jpg] Newly married Semai couple; woman with painted head-band and
nose-quill in Ulu Itam, Perak, 1906.
The vast majority of Semai marriages are monogamous. Less than five
percent of women are married polygynously.^[6] Semai marriages are
exogamous: East Semai may not marry consanguineal kinsman, or blood
relations, and West Semai are not supposed to marry anybody who
descended from one of his grandparents.^[5] Therefore, in most
marriages, the couples are from different settlements. This might be
the reason why Semai tend to have an ambilocal residence pattern after
marriage,^[6] or shuttle between living with the wife or husband's
kinsman every few weeks, slowly lengthening the time period stayed
until the couple decides to settle down. One reason the Semai give for
shuttling between residences is homesickness.^[5] Even after settling
down, couples occasionally separate, "going on week- or month-long
visits to his or her consanguineal kinsman".^[5] The ambilocal
residence pattern may also explain why few marriages are
polygynous,^[5] for both practical reasons in managing travel and
because couples tend to separate after long periods of living
apart,^[5] and divorce and remarriages are fairly common.^[11]
Non-violence
[edit]
The Semai are known for their extremely low levels of violence.^[12]
While there is some violence amongst the Semai, it is reportedly rare;
writing in 2004, Robert Dentan reported only four murders had occurred
since the 1970s, though the Semai could be reluctant to disclose
information about fighting. It has been suggested that the Semai's
non-violence is a response to historic threats from slaving states; as
the Semai were constantly defeated by slavers and Malaysian immigrants,
they preferred to flee rather than fight, and this evolved into a
general norm of non-violence.^[13] The Semai value "getting along", and
avoid violence by having a high tolerance for bad behaviour in order to
prevent conflict.^[14] The Semai generally attribute learning to argue
as a consequence of outsider influences, such as schools, though
arguments amongst the Semai predate such contact; the Semai's
self-image does not tolerate the admission of being argumentative,
aggressive or angry.^[15]
This does not mean the Semai are incapable of violence however; during
the Malayan Emergency, the British recruited some Semai to fight
against communist insurgents and Dentan argues the Semai believe that
as Malaysia industrialises, it will be harder for the Semai to use
their strategy of fleeing and they will have to fight
instead.^[16]^[17]^[18] In addition, Bruce Knauft argues that while
Dentan reported only two murders between 1955 and 1977, this was in the
context of a study population of 300 and would give a homicide rate of
30.3 per 100,000 people, three times higher than the United States in
the 1990s (though this has been contested due to issues concerning the
relevant base population, which could yield substantially lower
homicide estimates).^[19] Physical violence has also occasionally been
known to occur over sexual jealousy.^[20]
Worldview
[edit]
The Semai worldview is that they live in a hostile and dangerous world
beyond their control. The jungles surrounding their villages are viewed
as being full of terrifying forces and malevolent entities (to the
extent that the Semai are reluctant to go into the jungles alone,
especially at night). Since the Semai see themselves as helpless in a
hostile world, the only source of safety and nurturance lies with their
community. This is the cause of Semai's emphasis on community harmony
and non-violence, as violence threatens to destroy their only perceived
source of safety.^[21]
Punan
[edit]
An important belief that affects many aspects of Semai culture is
Punan. Punan is the idea that making somebody else unhappy, especially
by imposing your own wishes or denying his or her desires, is taboo.
The Semai believe that committing punan will increase the likelihood of
themselves being injured physically.^[5] The importance of punan in
Semai life can be seen in their food sharing norms, leadership style,
method of child rearing, for example.
Food sharing
[edit]
[250px-Orang_Asli_bei_der_Zubereitung_einer_Durian_%282874318755%29.jpg
] A Semai man in traditional attire opening a durian fruit in Cameron
Highlands District, Pahang, Malaysia.
Food sharing, or the system by which Semai distribute food, is one of
the most significant ways in which members of the community
interact.^[5] When large game is caught, it is shared equally among
members of the community.^[5] It is considered a social norm to share
whatever one can afford. Smaller catches are shared among one's nuclear
family or close neighbors. If it is a larger catch with more surplus,
the meat is shared across the entire settlement.^[5] It is considered
punan to refuse a request for food or to ask for more than the donor
can give.^[5] This type of food sharing not only helps build
relationships among the community, but also helps provide food security
to individual households because it increases the probability of having
a good meal each day.
Leadership
[edit]
The Semai have no police and no government per se. According to Dentan,
adults appear to be controlled primarily by public opinion. The Semai
themselves say "There is no authority here but embarrassment." Although
popular and verbally facile individuals are influential in public
affairs, the Semai have no formal leaders.^[citation needed]
Disputes in the Semai community are resolved by holding a becharaa, or
public assembly, at the headman's house. This assembly may last for
days and involves thorough discussion of the causes, motivations and
resolution of the dispute by disputants and the whole community, ending
with the headman charging either or both of the disputants not to
repeat their behavior lest it endanger the community. The Semai have a
saying that "there are more reasons to fear a dispute than a
tiger."^[22]
Childhood
[edit]
Semai children are never punished or forced against their will.^[23] If
a parent asks a child to do something and the child says "I don't want
to," the matter is ended. However, Semai parents use fear of strangers
and violence in nature such as thunderstorms and lightning to control
children's behavior if ever it becomes necessary. A concept similar to
karma is also prevalent where children are told stories of sprites
(mambang in Malay) and forest spirits who will take retribution if
their sanctity is violated. Children also appear to be taught to fear
their own aggressive impulses.^[24]^[25] The concept of mengalah or
giving in is most cherished where children since young are taught to
'give way' to others so as to preserve the peace and harmony of the
village. Unlike American children, who are taught to be self-reliant
and courageous, Semai children are encouraged to be fearful,
particularly of strangers. Because thunderstorms are particularly
threatening to the Semai due to the damage they cause, when a child is
angry the parents will yell "Tarlaid!" - an act that is Tarlaid is one
that is said to be able to rouse the anger of spirits and bring forth
natural calamities; Semai parents use the fear that accompanies these
storms to encourage the children to control their own aggressive
impulses. Parents may also threaten to hit their children and raise a
fist or machete, though they do not actually carry out the threat, with
the worst the child receiving being a tap.^[26]
The games Semai children play are non-competitive.^[27] These games
include forms of sports that encourage physical activity and exertions
so that the body becomes tired and are therefore made ready for sleep
and the subsequent dreaming. One game involves hitting at other
children with sticks; the sticks, however, always stop short a few
inches from their target so that no one actually gets struck. Modern
games are also played but with significant modifications. A game of
badminton for example uses no partition nets and keeps no score. The
shuttlecock is deliberately hit so that it could be easily intercepted
by the other player and passed back, and so forth. The objective seems
to be purely for exercise. Children do engage in rough and tumble play
but it is extremely mild, involving minimal or no physical
contact.^[28] While the Semai have no competitive games themselves,
they have imported competitive games from other cultures and modified
them. In games of competition, when conflict arises, they are quickly
solved by deference to the older player, who is always considered
right.^[29]
The Semai people is also known for their traditional Sewang dance,
where it is usually performed in events such as celebrating birth,
funerals, circumcision ceremony, healing of sicknesses and for other
superstitions; of which some of those events can last for three to six
days.^[30]
Spirituality and beliefs
[edit]
[250px-Semai_-_remaja.jpg] Semai teenagers in Tapah, Perak, Malaysia.
The animist traditions of the Semai include a thunder deity called
Enku.^[citation needed] A small eyeless snake is called Thunder's
headband.^[citation needed] One of the most important beings associated
with thunder are the Naga,^[31] a group of huge, subterranean dragons
that ravage villages during thunder-squalls and are associated with
rainbows. Chuntah is a ritual performed to make the evil spirits
leave.^[31] Chuntah is performed in the middle of a storm where a man
collects rain in a bamboo container until it is nearly full, then
gashes his skin and lets the blood run into the container.^[citation
needed]
The Semai divide the animal world into three categories: cheb for those
which have feathers or fly, 'ka for those which have rounded scales or
moist skin and live in or near water, and menhar for those which live
on the ground or in the trees. Menhar also includes fungi. The Semai
have restrictions on eating animals that straddle two groups, for
example snakes are considered inedible because they live on land (like
menhar) but have scales and lack legs (like ka).^[citation needed]
Settlement area
[edit]
[250px-SemaiMap.png] The yellow area indicates location of the Semai
people in Peninsula Malaysia.
Some of the settlements that the Semai people are located includes:-
* Kampong Kuala Bot, Sungai Bot, Tapah, Perak
* Suak Padi, Padang Changkat, Parit, Perak
* Chenderiang, Tapah, Perak
* Batu 6, Batu 7 and Batu 8, Batang Padang District, Tapah, Perak
* Kampung Chinggung, Behrang Ulu, Perak
* Kampung Ulu Geruntum, Gopeng, Perak
* Kampung Batu Berangkai, Kampar District, Perak
* Kampung Orang Asli Redang Punggor, Hilir Perak District, Perak
* Kawasan Bandar Runding, Tapah, Perak
* Village settlements in South Perak, Perak
* Pos Gedong, Perak
* Kampung Orang Asli Kuala Senta, Bidor, Perak
* Rancangan Penempatan Semula Betau, Kuala Lipis, Pahang
* Sungai Ruil, Tanah Rata, Cameron Highlands District, Pahang
* Kampung Harong, Kampung Jentil, Lanai, Kampung Pantos^[30] and
Kuala Medang, Kuala Lipis, Pahang
* Kampung Orang Asli Sungai Semalin, Sega, Raub, Pahang
Population
[edit]
The population dynamics of the Semai people in Malaysia:
Year 1960^[32] 1965^[32] 1969^[32] 1974^[32] 1980^[32] 1991^[33]
1993^[33] 1996^[32] 2000^[34] 2003^[34] 2004^[35] 2010^[1] 2020^[36]
Population 11,609 12,748 15,506 16,497 17,789 28,627 26,049 26,049
34,284 43,892 43,927 49,697 60,438
In all age groups, men tend to outnumber women, perhaps due to high
mortality rates during childbirth.^[6]
Popular culture
[edit]
* Asli (2017),^[37] a film directed by David Liew is about a
bi-racial girl on a road to rediscovering her Semai heritage. This
is the first film to feature the Semai language in about 50% of the
dialogue.^[38]
Notable people
[edit]
* Amani Williams Hunt Abdullah, lawyer and Orang Asli activist.^[39]
* Ramli Mohd Nor, former police officer and current MP for Cameron
Highlands constituency.^[40]
* Bahari Belaton, dean of Universiti Sains Malaysia's School of
Computer Sciences.^[41]
References
[edit]
1. ^ ^a ^b Kirk Endicott (2015). Malaysia's Original People: Past,
Present and Future of the Orang Asli. NUS Press. p. 3.
ISBN 978-99-716-9861-4.
2. ^ Ivor Hugh Norman Evans (1968). The Negritos of Malaya. Cass.
ISBN 0-7146-2006-8.
3. ^ Csilla Dallos (2011). From Equality to Inequality: Social Change
Among Newly Sedentary Lanoh Hunter-Gatherer Traders of Peninsular
Malaysia. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-144-2661-71-4.
4. ^ "Semai: The Naked Truth". Columbia Center for Archaeology.
2022-04-19. Retrieved 2023-06-27.
5. ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ^i ^j ^k ^l ^m ^n ^o ^p Dentan, Robert
Knox (1968). "The Semai: A Nonviolent People Of Malaya". Case
Studies In Cultural Anthropology. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal
requires |journal= (help)
6. ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ^i ^j ^k Dentan, R. K., & Skoggard, I. A.
(2012). Culture Summary: Semai. New Haven: Human Relations Area
Files. Retrieved from
https://ehrafworldcultures.yale.edu/document?id=an06-000
7. ^ "Orang Asli Archive". Keene State College. Archived from the
original on 2014-10-09. Retrieved 2018-05-26.{{cite web}}: CS1
maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
8. ^ "Orang Asli Population Statistic". Center for Orang Asli
Concerns. Archived from the original on 2011-10-02. Retrieved
2017-07-11.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status
unknown (link)
9. ^ N. Saha, J. W. Mak, J. S. Tay, Y. Liu, J. A. Tan, P. S. Low, M.
Singh, "Population genetic study among the Orange Asli (Semai
Senoi) of Malaysia: Malayan aborigines", Human Biology, National
University of Singapore, February 1995, 67(1):37-57
10. ^ David D. Gilmore, Manhood in the Making: Cultural Concepts of
Masculinity (Yale University Press, 1990: ISBN 0-300-04646-4), p.
213.
11. ^ Fix, A. G. (1988). Semai Senoi Population Structure And Genetic
Microdifferentation. Ann Arbor, Mich.: University Microfilms
International. Retrieved from
https://ehrafworldcultures.yale.edu/document?id=an06-006
12. ^ Kemp, Graham, and Douglas P. Fry. Keeping the peace: Conflict
resolution and peaceful societies around the world. Routledge,
2004, p.137
13. ^ Leary, John. Violence and the Dream People: The Orang Asli in the
Malayan Emergency, 1948-1960. No. 95. Ohio University Press, 1995,
p.262
14. ^ Younger, Stephen. "Violence and revenge in egalitarian
societies." Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation
8, no. 4 (2005).
15. ^ Royce, Joseph. "Play in violent and non-violent cultures."
Anthropos H. 5./6 (1980): 799-822.
16. ^ Leary, John. Violence and the Dream People: The Orang Asli in the
Malayan Emergency, 1948-1960. No. 95. Ohio University Press, 1995.
17. ^ Kemp, Graham, and Douglas P. Fry. Keeping the peace: Conflict
resolution and peaceful societies around the world. Routledge,
2004, p.139
18. ^ Robarchek, Clayton A., and Robert Knox Dentan. "Blood drunkenness
and the bloodthirsty Semai: Unmaking another anthropological myth."
American Anthropologist 89, no. 2 (1987): 356-365.
19. ^ "Knauft, Bruce M., Martin Daly, Margo Wilson, Leland Donald,
George EE Morren Jr, Keith F. Otterbein, Marc Howard Ross, HUE
Thoden van Velzen, and W. van Wetering."Reconsidering Violence in
Simple Human Societies: Homicide Among the Gebusi of New Guinea
[and Comments and Reply." Current Anthropology 28, no. 4 (1987):
457-500." "Ellsworth, Ryan M., and Robert S. Walker."Sociobiology
of lethal violence in small-scale societies." In The Routledge
International Handbook of Biosocial Criminology, pp. 85-102.
Routledge, 2014." For a debate on homicide in simple societies, see
"Betzig, Laura, Robert Knox Dentan, Bruce M. Knauft, and Keith F.
Otterbein. "On reconsidering violence in simple human societies."
(1988): 624-636."
20. ^ Ethology, Peace, Peter Verbeek, and Benjamin A. Peters. "The
Developmental Niche for Peace." (2018).
21. ^ Gray, James Silverberg J. Patrick. Aggression and peacefulness in
humans and other primates. Oxford University Press on Demand, 1992,
pp.200-203
22. ^ De Waal, Our Inner Ape, p. 166.
23. ^ Ken Rigby (2002). New Perspectives on Bullying. Jessica Kingsley
Publishers. p. 24. ISBN 184-6423-23-6.
24. ^ Kirk Endicott (2015). Malaysia's Original People: Past, Present
and Future of the Orang Asli. NUS Press. ISBN 978-997-1698-61-4.
25. ^ Douglas P. Fry (2015). War, Peace, and Human Nature: The
Convergence of Evolutionary and Cultural Views. Oxford University
Press. ISBN 978-019-0232-46-7.
26. ^ Moss, G. (1997). Explaining the absence of violent crime among
the Semai of Malaysia: Is criminological theory up to the task?
Journal of Criminal Justice, 25(3), 177-194.
doi:10.1016/s0047-2352(97)00003-2
27. ^ Bonta, "Cooperation and Competition in Peaceful Societies."
28. ^ Narvaez, Darcia, Kristin Valentino, Agustin Fuentes, James J.
McKenna, and Peter Gray, eds. Ancestral landscapes in human
evolution: Culture, childrearing and social wellbeing. Oxford
University Press, 2014, p.180
29. ^ Royce, Joseph. "Play in violent and non-violent cultures."
Anthropos H. 5./6 (1980): 799-822.
30. ^ ^a ^b "Mengenali kehidupan masyarakat Semai Pantos". Sinar
Harian. 15 November 2013. Retrieved 2018-05-26.
31. ^ ^a ^b Shazwan Aqif. "The comparison between Lanoh and Semai
people". Academia. Retrieved 2018-01-18.
32. ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Nobuta Toshihiro (2009). "Living On The
Periphery: Development and Islamization Among Orang Asli in
Malaysia" (PDF). Center for Orang Asli Concerns. Retrieved
2017-10-27.
33. ^ ^a ^b Colin Nicholas (2000). The Orang Asli and the Contest for
Resources. Indigenous Politics, Development and Identity in
Peninsular Malaysia (PDF). Center for Orang Asli Concerns &
International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs.
ISBN 87-90730-15-1. Retrieved 2017-10-27.
34. ^ ^a ^b "Basic Data / Statistics". Center for Orang Asli Concerns.
Archived from the original on 2020-10-29. Retrieved 2017-10-27.
35. ^ Alberto Gomes (2004). Modernity and Malaysia: Settling the Menraq
Forest Nomads. Routledge. ISBN 11-341-0076-0.
36. ^ "Basic Data / Statistics". JAKOA. Retrieved 2022-10-30.
37. ^ "Asli". Cinema Online. Retrieved 2017-10-20.
38. ^ Ivan Loh (19 October 2017). "Semai dialogue a first in local
film". The Star. Retrieved 2017-10-20.
39. ^ Azdee Simon Amir (14 June 2019). "Rough ride to Orang Asli
villages". New Straits Times. Retrieved 2020-01-06.
40. ^ Shannon Teoh (26 January 2019). "BN crushes PH in closely-watched
Cameron Highlands by-election". The Straits Times. Retrieved
2020-01-06.
41. ^ Martin Vengadesan (20 June 2020). "From humble beginnings to
USM's first Orang Asli faculty dean". Malaysiakini. Retrieved
2023-02-28.
Further reading
[edit]
* Orang Asli Archive, Keene State College .
* Dentan, Robert Knox, 1968, The Semai: A Nonviolent People of
Malaya, Holt, Rinehart and Winston,
ISBN 0-03-069535-X; repr. 1979 as Fieldwork Edition, Case Studies in
Cultural Anthropology, New York, Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
De Waal, Frans, 2005, Our Inner Ape: A Leading Primatologist Explains
Why We Are Who We Are, Riverhead Books.
Bonta, Bruce D. 1997. "Cooperation and Competition in Peaceful
Societies." Psychological Bulletin 121(2):299-320.
External links
[edit]
* http://projekt.ht.lu.se/rwaai RWAAI (Repository and Workspace for
Austroasiatic Intangible Heritage)
* http://hdl.handle.net/10050/00-0000-0000-0003-66BF-5@view Semai in
RWAAI Digital Archive
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Semai.
* v
* t
* e
Orang Asli of Malaysia
Semang Senoi Proto-Malay
* Batek
* Jahai
* Kensiu
* Kintaq
* Lanoh
* Mendriq
* Cheq Wong
* Jah Hut
* Mah Meri
* Semai
* Semaq Beri
* Temiar
* Jakun
* Orang Kanaq
* Orang Laut
+ Orang Kuala
+ Orang Seletar
* Semelai
* Temoq
* Temuan
* v
* t
* e
Ethnic groups in Malaysia
Malaysians
Bumiputera
Malay
(list)
Anak Jati
* Johorean Malay
* Kedahan Malay
* Kelantanese Malay
* Malaccan Malay
* Negeri Sembilanese Malay
* Penangite Malay
* Perakian Malay
* Perlisan Malay
* Pahang Malay
* Selangorian Malay
* Terengganuan Malay
* Bruneian Malay
* Kedayan
* Sarawakian Malay
Anak Dagang
* Cocos Malays
* Christmas Island Malays
* Chams
* Acehnese
* Banjarese
* Batak
+ Mandailing
* Bugis (Bugis-Malay)
* Javanese
* Baweanese
* Makassar
* Minangkabau
+ Kerinci
+ Ocu
+ Rawa
* Sundanese
* Burmese Malays
* Patani Malays
* Siamese
Mixed-race
(non-Chinese/Indian)
* Arab Malaysians
* Peranakan Eropah (including Kristang)
* Jawi Peranakan
* Malaysian Siamese (Sam-Sam)
* Peranakan Turki
Orang Asal
Peninsular
Malaysia
* Proto-Malay
+ Jakun
+ Orang Kanaq
+ Orang Laut
o Orang Kuala
o Orang Seletar
+ Semelai
+ Temoq
+ Temuan
* Semang
+ Batek
+ Lanoh
+ Jahai
+ Kensiu
+ Kintaq
+ Mendriq
+ Mintil
+ Mos
* Senoi
+ Semai
+ Mah Meri
+ Cheq Wong
+ Temiar
+ Jah Hut
+ Semaq Beri
Sarawak
* Dayak
+ Bidayuh
+ Bukitan
+ Iban
+ Selako
* Orang Ulu
+ Kayan
+ Kejaman
+ Kelabit
+ Kenyah
+ Kiput
+ Lun Bawang
+ Penan
+ Punan
+ Sa'ban
+ Ukit
* Others
+ Bisaya
+ Melanau
+ Miriek
Sabah
* Kadazan-Dusun
+ Kadazan
+ Dusun
o Kwijau
o Lotud
o Mangka'ak
o Maragang
o Minokok
o Rumanau
* Bisaya
* Ida'an
* Illanun
* Lun Bawang
* Murut
* Orang Sungai
+ Dumpas
+ Tambanuo
* Rungus
* Sama-Bajau
* Suluk
* Tidong
Non-Bumiputera
Chinese
(list)
* Hokkien
* Cantonese
* Hakka
* Hainanese
* Teochew
* Foochow
* Henghua
* Penangite
Mixed with Bumiputera
* Peranakan Chinese
+ Sino-Native
Indian
(list)
* Gujarati
* Penangite Indian
* Punjabi
* Malayali
* Indians in Sabah
* Sri Lankan
* Tamil
* Telugu
Mixed with Bumiputera
Chitty
Mixed-race
(non-Bumiputera)
* Chindians
Foreigners
* African
* Arab (Hadhrami)
* Bangladeshi
* Burmese (Rohingya)
* Chinese
* East Timorese
* Filipino
* Indian
* Indonesian
* Iranian
* Japanese
* Jewish (former)
* Korean
* Nepali
* Pakistani
* Singaporeans
* Thai
* Vietnamese
Retrieved from
"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Semai_people&oldid=12779221
70"
Categories:
* Indigenous peoples of Southeast Asia
* Ethnic groups in Malaysia
* Orang Asli
Hidden categories:
* CS1 errors: missing periodical
* CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown
* Articles with short description
* Short description is different from Wikidata
* "Related ethnic groups" needing confirmation
* Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters
* All articles with unsourced statements
* Articles with unsourced statements from May 2022
* Commons category link is on Wikidata
* This page was last edited on 27 February 2025, at 13:48 (UTC).
* Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike
4.0 License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you
agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia(R) is a
registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a
non-profit organization.
* Privacy policy
* About Wikipedia
* Disclaimers
* Contact Wikipedia
* Code of Conduct
* Developers
* Statistics
* Cookie statement
* Mobile view
* Wikimedia Foundation
* Powered by MediaWiki
(BUTTON) Search
____________________
(BUTTON) Search
[ ] Toggle the table of contents
Semai people
(BUTTON) 10 languages Add topic
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------